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The Exhibition 

of the 

District of Alaska 

at the 


Lewis and Clark Centennial 

Exposition 

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WITH A FOREWORD UPON THE 
ALASKA EXHIBIT AND ALASKA 










24 OCT 1905 
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APPROPRIATION 

FOR THE 


Alaskan Exhibit at the Lewis and Clark 
Centennial Exposition, 

Made by Act of Congress April 1 3, 1 904. 


Sec. 3. “That the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized 
to aid the inhabitants of the district of Alaska in providing and main¬ 
taining an appropriate and creditable exhibit of the products and re¬ 
sources of said district at the said Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposi¬ 
tion, and for that purpose he is authorized to appoint one or more 
persons to supervise the selection, purchase, preparation, transporta¬ 
tion, arrangement, installation, safekeeping, exhibition, and return of 
such articles as may be exhibited from said district at said exposition; 
and he is hereby authorized to select so much of the exhibit of the 
district of Alaska at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at the City of 
Saint Louis, in the year nineteen hundred and four, as he may deem 
necessary for the purpose of making said exhibit at the Lewis and 
Clark Centennial Exposition, and that the cost of said exhibit of said 
district of Alaska, including such selection, purchase, preparation, 
transportation, arrangement, installation, safekeeping, exhibition, and 
return of the articles so exhibited, shall not exceed the sum of twenty- 
five thousand dollars, which sum is hereby appropriated out of any 
money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated.” 



















. 




































Officials and Assistants for the Alaska Exhibit. 


Honorable Ethan Allen Hitchcock, Secretary of the Interior. 

Honorable Thomas Ryan, First Assistant Secretary of the Interior. 

Honorable John G. Brady, Governor of Alaska, Acting Executive 
Commissioner from January 1 to August 19, 1905. 

Professor William A. Kelly, Executive Commissioner, appointed 
August 19, 1905. 

Joseph B. Marvin, Special Agent for the Alaska Exhibit. 


Representatives of the Nome Chamber of Commerce in charge of 

Gold Exhibits from Nome. 

J. E. Chilberg, J. J. Underwood. 

Detailed by the U. S. Geological Survey to Arrange Mineral Exhibits. 

Frank L. Hess. 

Employed in Securing Exhibits from Alaska. 

Godfrey Chealander. 

Lecturer on Alaska in Connection with Stereopticon Views. 

W. A. Reid. 


Attendants at the Alaska Exhibit. 

Harry Pidgeon, L. L. Bales, 

James Fish. 




Photographs of the President, the Secretary of the Interior, First Assistant Secretary of the Interior 
and Acting Executive Commissioner of the Alaska Exhibit. 
























FOREWORD. 


THE ALASKAN EXHIBIT AND ALASKA. 

The exhibit of the products and resources of the District of Alaska, 
displayed at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and at the Lewis and 
Clark Centennial Exposition, has been a cause of surprise to the many 
thousands of people of the United States who have witnessed it, and 
has awakened in their minds a desire to know more of that great region. 
The exhibit has been a revelation, and not only has it caused surprise 
and awakened interest, but it has excited wonder and admiration be¬ 
cause of the variety of Alaska’s products, the enormity of its wealth 
already exploited, and the vastness of its resources awaiting develop¬ 
ment in the future. The fact that many thousands of eastern people 
have visited Alaska during the present summer, crowding the steam¬ 
ers to their full capacity, is evidence that the general public has been 
recently awakened to an interest in, and a desire 16 know more of, that 
great region. It may be added, as further proof of this, that there is 
at the present time extensive demand for published statements of facts 
in relation to Alaska. 

Prior to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, Alaska was almost a 
terra incognita. Comparatively few people knew more of it than that 
it was a region of cold weather and gold mines, and it has astonished 
such people to be shown by its exhibits, and to be informed by attend¬ 
ants expounding them, that Alaska is capable of producing cereals and 
vegetables and fruits common to the temperate regions; that there are 
fishing banks along its shores, yielding salmon, halibut and cod, more 
extensive than those of any other part of the globe; that the output 
of its gold mines has already reached the enormous sum of $161,000,- 
000.00; that the prospecting already done, together with the recon- 
noissances by the United States Geological Surveys, have demonstrated 
beyond a doubt that the store of minerals in Alaska is vast beyond 
comprehension; that its mines contain all varieties of minerals ; that 
there are within its confines quarries of marble of the finest qualities 
that it contains coal beds and petroleum ample for its own uses and 
for supply to the whole Northern Pacific region; that today there are- 
growing in its valleys extensive forests of valuable timber; that it con¬ 
tains millions of acres of grasses suitable for stock-raising; that it is 
the greatest fur-producing region in the United States; that there flow 



8 


Exhibition of the District of Alaska 


within its borders two of the largest navigable rivers in North America; 
that the inhabitants, even in its most northerly towns, dwell in com¬ 
fort and prosperity, notwithstanding the coldness of its climate; that 
the southern portion of the district is more mild in temperature than 
many other regions of the United States in lower latitudes; that the 
telegraph reaches from its most southerly to its most northerly limit; 
that railroads are being constructed from its harbors to its interior 
regions; that the largest steamers ply its waters; that its scenery com¬ 
pares with the grandest upon the globe; and that the inhabitants of 
Alaska, both white and native, are provided with common schools and 
industrial schools equal to those of the same character in the States. 

But while knowledge of the products and resources and possibili¬ 
ties of Alaska has not been common to the general public, and immi¬ 
gration into that region has been tardy, the government of the United 
States has, for many years, realized that Alaska was one of its most 
valuable possessions, and it has not been indifferent to the responsi¬ 
bility and duties which this knowledge has imposed upon it. In 
purchasing this region from Russia thirty-eight years ago it showed 
far sighted wisdom. In throwing open this vast possession to set¬ 
tlement by pioneers; in permitting the people of the United States to 
prospect its mines and exploit its minerals, it has shown magnanimity 
as well as broad statesmanship. At great cost it has established a 
Revenue Cutter service along its shores; it has stationed army and naval 
officers with their companies within its borders; the United States Geo¬ 
logical Survey has, by its direction, during many years past, made 
explorations and surveys and scientific investigations there; the Depart¬ 
ment of Agriculture has tested its capacity for agriculture, establishing 
experiment stations; the Bureau of Education has established schools; 
reindeer have been taken there from Siberia to serve as beasts of bur¬ 
den and to supply food in case of necessity; the Signal Service has 
built telegraph lines across the whole district; light-houses have been 
erected; provision has been made for the care of its insane; commit¬ 
tees of congress, and special agents selected by the president, have been 
sent to ascertain the actual facts in relation to the resources and welfare 
of the district from personal observation and inquiry; and, it should be 
added, as by no means the least important of its wise measures for the 
furtherance of the development of Alaska, that, by liberal appropria¬ 
tions, the government has secured to its people opportunity to display 
their resources and products to the inspection of the millions who have 
visited the two great recent national expositions. Without doubt an 
object lesson is the most effective method of education. Verbal or 
written description of an object affords information, but the object 


At the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition 9 

itself conveys a more clear and comprehensive idea. It is impressive. 
1 he observer never forgets it. An exposition is a microcosm. 
Whenever an exposition has been held, teachers and persons inter¬ 
ested in the imparting of information have realized that it is the greatest 
of educators, and the idea of museums to extend its influence has 
always suggested itself to them. The first great exposition, held in 
the Crystal Palace in London, resulted, as a sequence, in the estab¬ 
lishment of the Kensington Museum. After the great exposition in 
Philadelphia, in 1876, Philadelphia founded a Zoological Garden and 
an Art Gallery, which have afforded information and pleasure to 
millions of people. Very many of the exhibits shown at the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition were sent, at its close, to museums in cities or 
as annexes to universities, and already the citizens of Portland and 
of the neighboring city of Seattle have realized that, as a sequence 
to the Lewis and Clark Exposition—to continue its educational service 
-—there should be established, in one or both of those cities, a museum, 
in which should be displayed as many of the exhibits from the Lewis 
and Clark Exposition as can be secured. 

In authorizing the publication of a catalogue of the Alaska Exhibit 
at the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition, the Department of the 
Interior, which has had general charge of the elaboration of the exhibit 
for Alaska, has been influenced by the desire to continue and extend 
the educational influence as to Alaska, afforded by its exhibit, and to 
add somewhat to the literature relating to that district, thus supplying, 
in a measure, the demand for more extended information relative 
thereto; and, in preparing the catalogue, it has been the endeavor to 
include the latest data bearing upon its resources and commercial prog¬ 
ress. To that end, the following authorities are quoted, relating to 
more recent developments: 

ALASKA AN EMPIRE IN ITSELF. 

Alaska contains almost 600,000 square miles; it is as large as all 
the United States east of the Mississippi, and has more than 26,000 
miles of seacoast, which will be dotted with prosperous mining camps 
from Portland Canal to that point in the far north where the boundary 
line touches the Arctic. 

The possibilities of the future shipping interests of that length of 
coast line are wonderful. Today shipping is an infant industry, seek¬ 
ing additional capital to extend its operations and showing every year 
a remarkable growth. Ten years ago Alaska had but one steamer a 
month. Today there are several every week, plying between Seattle 
and southeastern and southwestern Alaskan ports, and new ones are 


10 


Exhibition of the District of Alaska 


being built for this growing commerce. They go loaded with domestic 
manufactures, machinery and supplies, and come loaded with ore from 
inexhaustible mines for the smelters of Puget sound. 

In twenty-five years Alaska will have a population of more than 
1,000,000, developing mines, catching fish, and cutting timber. Last 
year Alaska shipped to the United States furs, salmon, codfish, halibut, 
whalebone, fish oil, copper ore, tin ore and bullion to the value of 
$19,655,911. During the same period Alaska bought in the United 
States foodstuff and clothing to the value of $11,108,004, leaving a 
balance in Alaska’s favor of $8,547,907.—William T. Perkins, of Nome. 
Alaska, in The World's Work for August, 1905. 

PRODUCTS OF THE NORTHLAND. 

One who has not visited the Seward peninsula can have only the 
slightest conception of its vast possibilities as a producer of mineral 
wealth. The output of gold has steadily increased since the summer 
of 1899 when Anvil and Dexter creeks and the gold laden ruby sands 
of the Nome beach were first actually operated. From that time until 
today this region has enhanced the wealth of the United States by over 
thirty million dollars, and, with ditches and railroads now installed or 
under construction, the country’s future is full of promise which will 
multiply its output many times repeated. 

Although payable gold has been obtained from 136 different creeks 
and gulches located at different points between Kotzebue sound and 
Norton bay, and marvelous developments have taken place on the tun¬ 
dra adjacent to Nome, it is not to placer mining alone that the inhab¬ 
itants of the peninsula look for future prosperity. Immense reefs of 
free milling gold, upon one of which a twenty stamp mill has been 
pounding out dividends for two years past, have been uncovered, ledges 
of galena, graphite, quicksilver, and copper have been exposed, and tin 
has been found in commercial quantities, both in alluvial deposits and 
in its native matrices. Immense beds of coal, discovered in different 
districts have, to an extent, solved the fuel problem. 

Seward peninsula is 27,600 square miles in extent, and this vast 
area is still only partially prospected. There are thousands of creeks 
within its limits, but on only a minor portion of these have shafts been 
sunk to bedrock. 

The peninsula is divided into five districts as follows: The Cape 
Nome, Council, Fairhaven, Kougarok and Port Clarence. 

The past year has been a particularly prosperous one. There has 
not been a single business failure or insolvency filed. The resources 
of the country have been developed to a marvelous extent, as the first 


At the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition 11 

shipment of ivory, furs and gold has proven. The customs report 
shows that 43,400 tons of merchandise, 6,715,183 feet of lumber, and 
1,84 < head of livestock were entered last year at Nome alone. Add to 
this the amounts received at St. Michael and other points and the peo¬ 
ple of Seattle will have some idea of what this northern trade means 
to their city. 

Alaska s present developed resources surpass belief, and its future 
prospects are still more wonderful. With its present producing mines 
of gold, silver, copper and coal, its illimitable forests of timber, its 
seemingly inexhaustible supply of fur bearing animals, its prospective 
untold values in the collection of ivory, and the fishery of seal, cod, 
herring and halibut, it is indeed a land of promise and one that bids 
fair to become one of Uncle Sam’s most valuable possessions. 

Alaska cost the United States $7,200,000. In thirty-five years it 
has yielded the people of this country $158,999,000, and its develop¬ 
ment has just been commenced. While other territories have been a 
source of continual expense and worry, the Northland has been a 
source of profit, directly and indirectly—profit in the government treas¬ 
ury and in the pockets of the people. No other insular possession has 
done as much for its country as Alaska has done for the United States. 
—J. J. Underwood, representing the Nome Chamber of Commerce. 

41 

PRAISES ALASKA. 

I go to Alaska every summer, combining business with pleasure. I 
believe Alaska to be the grandest country on earth—God’s country. 
Nobody can describe Alaska. Combine all the pictures in nature’s art 
gallery, think of all the mountains, all the snow capped peaks, all the 
valleys, all the cascades, all the torrential streams rushing tumultuously 
seaward, all together, and you have a faint glimmer of the wonders, the 
greatness, the glory and the inexpressible grandeur of Alaska. 

In my opinion, Alaska will produce more mineral wealth in the 
next fifty years than any three states of the 'Union.—Hon. William 
Sulzer, M. C. 

ACTUAL WORK BEGUN ON VALDEZ RAILWAY. 

After years of delay, actual work has been begun on the Valdez- 
Copper River railway. A force of twenty men has been put to work 
on the road, and it is expected they will reach the summit this season. 
This road extends from Valdez to Eagle, and taps the Tanana coun¬ 
try, thus opening up a large and rich district.—Special dispatch to the 
Daily Gold Digger of Valdez. 


12 


Exhibition of the District of Alaska 


THE SALMON PACK. 

From all reports the pack of red salmon in Alaska will be about 


1,500,000 cases, 
follows: 

The pack at the 

various canneries 

is estimated as 

Bristol bay. 

.1,000,000 

Carluk . 

. 30,000 

Chignac . 

. 100,000 

Alitak. 

. 1,000 

Orca . 

. 35,000 

Klawak . 

. 30,000 

Uyak . 

. 30,000 

Metlakahtla . 

. 10,000 

Cook’s inlet . 

. 12,000 

Loring . 

. 80,000 

Yakutat . 

. 30.000 

Shakan . 

. 10,000 

Dun das . 

. 13,000 

Barnes’ cannery . 

. 15,000 

Fnnter bay. 

. 22,000 

Tonka . 

. 30.000 


Very little attention is being paid to pink salmon in Alaska this 
year, and the pack will probably not exceed 20,000 cases. Bristol bay 
is the treasury of the Alaska salmon business. The pack there this year 
will exceed the packs of previous years by at least 200,000 cases.— The 
Minin? Journal. 

o 

BRISTOL BAY SALMON PACK. 

Official returns of the Bristol bay red salmon pack for the present 
season show a total pack of about 1,062,000 cases. Other canneries in 
this district from Orca west will have a total output of about 250,000 
cases. The run was not quite finished at last reports in some places. 
The Bristol bay run ended about the last of July. 

The Bristol bay pack is nearly double that of last year and will 
bring the aggregate of all Alaska’s canneries much above last year’s 
total. The Chignik pack will be about 121,000 cases, which is nearly 
the same as that of 1904. The Karluk will be about 50,000. The fish 
were still running there a few* days ago. The Uyak pack is 31,000 ; 
that of Orca about 35,000. The pack of Kusilofif was about 40,000. 
Besides the pack of salmon, about 8,000 barrels were salted at various 
places.—From the Alaska Press for August, 1905. 

BRIEF NOTES OF PROGRESS—FRAGMENTS OF INFORMATION 
AS TO THE ALASKA CENTRAL RAILWAY, GATH¬ 
ERED FROM HEADQUARTERS. 

The work of laying steel on the Alaska Central railway began 
again at the end of the track on last Monday. The steel gang started 
out with a record of one-half mile a day. This work will continue until 
the second twenty mile section is completed. 

It has about been decided that 300 men will be kept busy on rock 
work on Turnagain Arm the coming winter. All kinds of supplies are 
now being shipped there by steamer with that purpose in view. In 
all likelihood a number of large contracts will be let on the north shore 
of Turnagain Arm. 


















At the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition 


13 


Five hundred additional workmen are expected at Seward and on 
the Arm by the first of August. It is expected that these men will come 
on a special steamer chartered for that purpose. 

Work at all the camps on the completed portion of the line be¬ 
tween Seward and Lake Kenai, will soon be moved to the summit and 
located from miles forty to forty-five. Material and supplies are now 
being forwarded to the places where these camps will be established. 
Forty men are at work on the wagon road being constructed to Placer 
river canyon and the completion of this means of transportation will 
facilitate the moving of supplies to a point where heavy work will be 
carried on. Three thousand of the 6,000 tons of steel rails recently 
landed at Seattle by the steamer Dakota, are expected to be sent to 
Seward on the freight steamer Edith at as early a date as possible. 

Two new fifty-five ton locomotives for the railway recently passed 
inspection by the master mechanic in St. Louis .—Seward Gatezvay. 


ALASKA’S GOLD—YEAR’S OUTPUT WILL REACH $12,000,000. 


Twelve million dollars is the estimate of Alaska’s placer yield for 
the year 1905. These figures are arrived at on the following basis: 


Fairbanks . . 

Nome . 

Circle . 

Other camps 


$6,000,000 

4,000,000 

1,000,000 

1,000,000 


Of course, the amount is not intended to represent the mineral 
output of Alaska, for the quartz mines are not considered at all. More¬ 
over, scattered here and there over the wide reaches are a few men 
steadily engaged in taking out gold. They are not advertising their 
districts. All they want is to be left alone. No accurate figures can 
be secured of the gold from these sources. There are also other well 
established districts for which no estimates can be made at this time.. 
But from the gold already taken out, it is certain that Alaska will show 
a net increase of $4,000,000 over last year. The estimated yield at this 
time is $12,000,000. The output last year was $9,000,000. 

The largest increase, of course, will be shown in the Tanana. This 
district placed but $1,000,000 to the credit of Alaska last year, but will 
give fully $6,000,000 this year, and some believe it will even run higher. 
Certainly it will not run below that amount, if the high average of the 
pay dirt now being taken out is any criterion. 

One hundred and seventeen steam hoists were at work all winter 
taking out dirt, in addition to the numberless hand windlasses, and 
800,000 feet of lumber was used for sluice boxes, as against 100,000 
feet the previous year. Lack of necessary machinery will make the 
output less than it would have been otherwise. 






14 


Exhibition of the District of Alaska 


But even a gain of $5,000,000 in one year is not considered very 
bad. Another place which will be heard from next year, if present 
signs count for anything, is the Delta district, and the gold taken from 
there will be credited to the Tanana, so that with the development of 
other creeks already blocked out sufficiently to show that they will 
pay, the Tanana district will in a very few years exceed the output of 
the Klondike. In one brief year it has become the greatest producing 
district in Alaska. 

Nome is again booming this year by reason of the recent rich 
strikes on Portland bench. The estimates for its total production places 
the sum between $3,000,000 and $4,000,000. Little creek alone, it is 
estimated, will produce $1,000,000. The Solomon river country will 
yield $250,000. It is not possible to get very close figures on the output 
of the tundra. In any event Nome will show a substantial increase, 
and the new discoveries made this season will make it a good camp for 
years to come. 

About 185 people wintered in the Koyukuk district and the output 
for the year is placed at $150,000. Eighty men have been doing win¬ 
ter work on Nolan creek, which is the only deep diggings it has been 
possible to work because of flowing water. 

Between 200 and 300 men are scattered over the Delta district, 
since the first strike made on Tenderfoot creek this spring. The latter 
creek has passed the experimental stage and will be among the pro¬ 
ducers next year. 

On Portage creek the miners are already sluicing from open cuts, 
and this fall will tell the story. As the pay dirt lies but a foot below 
the surface, it is the poor man’s paradise save for the scarcity of water 
and wood. 

The recent strikes on Redman and Caribou creeks, which empty 
into the Salchket, promise well and will be proven or disproved by the 
work now in progress. It is believed that another large town will be 
in existence in this district in another year.— The Valdez Nezvs. 

RECENT DISCOVERIES OF TIN ORES. 

That tin mining, both placer and quartz, is destined to become one 
of the most important industries in Alaska, is no longer a matter of 
conjecture. From Cape Prince of Wales to Shismaneff Inlet, and in 
the surrounding and intervening countries, immense ledges have been 
discovered. Two of these properties have been sold by their discover¬ 
ers to mining companies for large sums. These properties have been 
developed, and the fact that two stamp mills and a concentrating plant 
are now in course of construction, indicate that the development work 
has proven eminently satisfactory. 


At the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition 15 

The Bartels mine, at Tin City, was developed to a depth of 150 feet 
last \\ inter, at \\ Inch level the ledge was crosscut. The vein is ten feet 
wide, and assays showed values of from $12 to $800 to the ton. The 
Bartels mine is fully equipped with electric drills, and other labor 
saving appliances essential to successful and economical mining. More 
than 500 tons of valuable tin ore was placed on the dump last winter, 
and will be shipped for treatment this summer. 

Crim, Randt and O’Brien, three Lost River prospectors, assisted 
by ex-Governor Hutchinson, of Idaho, last summer, developed two 
two large stringers of tin. Twenty tons of this ore shipped to the 
outside for treatment gave a return of over 400 pounds to the ton. 

The Seward Tin Mining Company, an aggregation of Nome 
prospectors,- backed by J. D. Thaggard and other local business people, 
last winter uncovered an immense ledge of tin ore at Tin City. One 
specimen, weighing 400 pounds, but broken in transportation, was 
shipped to the Alaska exhibit. An assay of this rock shows sixty-two 
per cent tin, an approximate value of eighteen cents a pound, or $360 
per ton. 

On the Ears mountain, about nine miles from tide water, a large 
vein, fifteen feet wide, was discovered two years ago. It has been 
traced for over three miles, and in one place is exposed in a bluff 
reaching an elevation of nearly 400 feet. Nature has performed the 
prospecting work on this Vein, and as the assay certificates show a 
high percentage of metallic tin, the company which owns it, have sur¬ 
veyed and are preparing to build a small railroad, in order that the ore 
may be shipped for treatment. According to the United States Geo¬ 
logical survey, the formation of this particular region is very ancient. 
Rocks have been found there which are so old that it is difficult to 
classify them. These rocks are black and of extreme hardness. 

John E. Benton, a Milwaukee capitalist, last year bonded several 
claims near Tin City, Cape Prince of Wales. He developed the prop¬ 
erties, and then organized a company known as the United States and 
Alaska Tin Mining Company. A ten stamp mill and a concentrating 
plant is now in course of erection on these properties. Several tons 
of the ore shipped to Hamburg for treatment last summer gave very 
satisfactory returns. 

Mr. W. H. Ogilbie, who has had many years’ experience in 
experting tin ores and other minerals, and who, for the past two 
years, has acted as manager and engineer for the American Tin Mining 
Company, at Cape York, stated to the writer that the true width of the 
tin bearing stratum of placer tin on Buck creek has not yet been deter¬ 
mined. By prospecting with a drilling machine, however, he learned 



View of Cedar Stairway, Transparencies, Inside Totems and Cereals. 

































At the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition 


17 


that it is at least two miles by ten. Buck creek is the only stream that 
has been prospected, but fair prospects have been found on other water¬ 
ways. On last summer s operations a return of from a few ounces to 
twenty-five pounds of tin to the cubic yard was obtained over the area 
of twenty square miles. The best gravel, when sluiced, yielded $64.00 
to the yard in tin and $1.00 in gold. The average value was $8.00 in 
tin and forty cents in gold. Fifty tons of this placer tin was shipped 
from Buck creek last fall to Hamburg, Germany, and when smelted 
yielded $448.00 per net ton. The concentrates contained seventy per 
cent metallic tin. 

Roughly estimated, the tin bearing area of Alaska comprises 1,200 
square miles. Experts estimate over $25,000,000 in sight. Practically 
all of the tin used in the United States is imported from the Straits 
Settlements, Cornwall, England; and Mount Birchoff, Tasmania. The 
L T nited States uses about one-third of the world’s product; and spends 
annually $25,500,000 for it. But unless all known geological signs 
fail, and the opinions of the most expert mining engineers count for 
naught, the time when this vast amount will be expended in Alaska 
is near at hand. 

J. J. Underwood. 

ALASKA, LAND OF VAST NATURAL WEALTH. 

The Alaska Exhibit at the Lewis and Clark Exposition is a com¬ 
pendium. There the intelligent visitor, observing the exhibits and lis¬ 
tening to exposition of the same by attendants, may derive more in¬ 
formation regarding Alaska in an hour than he can obtain in any other 
way in weeks or even months. 

Upon entering the section of the Government building in which 
the exhibit is displayed, visitors will first be shown a relief map, from 
which, with the explanation of the attendant, they will learn about the 
topography of Alaska, the height of its mountains—one of which 
is the highest in the United States—the depth of the adjacent ocean 
waters, the length of its great rivers, the location of its cities and 
towns, the location of its gold and copper mines, the extent of its 
railroads already completed and of those surveyed, the location of its 
marble quarries and its coal mines, and of its petroleum wells and tin 
mines. Turning to a map displayed on the wall near by they will 
learn that Alaska contains one-fourth the area of the whole United 
States, that its extent from east to west equals the distance ffom the 
Atlantic to the Pacific, and that its extent from north to south equals 
the distance from the Great Lakes to the Gulf—a region large enough 
to form seven states equal in size to the average of states in the Union. 


18 


Exhibition of the District of Alaska 


Proceeding, in the company of an attendant, the visitor will be 
shown one of the most impressive and most significant exhibits, con¬ 
sisting of a gilded cube about three feet in diameter, representing the 
size of a block of gold worth $7,200,000, which is the amount paid by 
the United States to Russia for Alaska, and beside it they will see a 
gilded pyramid of blocks representing the amount of gold taken out 
of the Treadwell mines in Alaska each year since 1882, aggregating 
in value $21,800,000, a sum which is three times the amount paid for 
Alaska, taken from one mine. Next, in the main aisle, the visitor will 
see several thousand dollars’ worth of furs brought out from Alaska, 
and representing an immense industry. He will be shown furs of the 
seal, bear, wolf, mountain sheep, skins of the white, red, blue and 
silver-gray foxes, badger, beaver, otter, mink, sable and ermine. Near 
this exhibit he will see a pyramid of cereals grown in Alaska, and this 
will give him his greatest surprise. He will be told by the attendant 
that the Department of Agriculture has proven, through its experi¬ 
mental stations in Alaska, that all of the cereals and many of the 
vegetables and fruits grown in the temperate regions may be grown 
successfully in Alaska. He will be told that southern Alaska is 
warmed bv the Japan currents, and that that region is as mild in 
temperature as is the temperature of Portland, Or., or of Washing¬ 
ton, D. C. 

Proceeding, he will be shown a display of ores, including gold, 
copper and tin ores, arranged in geographical order, from Sitka to 
Nome. He will see a gilded pyramid illustrating the output of the 
gold mines of the Seward peninsula during the past six years, aggre¬ 
gating in value $29,000,000. Next comes a display of gold nuggets, 
including the largest nugget ever found in Alaska, weighing 182 
ounces, and valued at $3,276. This nugget he will be permitted to 
lift, and when he goes away he can say that he has hefted a fortune in 
one nugget. He will also see other nuggets, varying in value from 
$10 to $2000, and in an adjacent case he will be shown pay dirt from 
the great mines of Alaska, from which the output varies from $50,000 
to $200,000 each year. Looking at this dirt, he sees no gold, but a 
card displayed with each collection conveys the information of its 
value. Near by there is shown stream tin and blocks of tin yielded by 
the same, and next to this are quartz tin ores brought from the most 
northerly part of Alaska, which equal in value the best tin ores in the 
world. These mines, it is believed by many, are yet to furnish all of 
the tin required by the United States. The mine from which this 
quartz is brought has recently been bonded for $5,000,000. It contains 
a solid ledge of ore of great extent. 


At the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition 


19 


Copper ores are shown, some of them containing* 99 per cent of 
copper, coming from various extensive mines in different parts of 
Alaska. The visitor will be shown specimens of coal, and he will be 
informed that the geological survey has recently published a statement 
founded upon the investigations of that bureau, that the known coal 
fields of Alaska include about 16,000 square miles, and that, as less 
than one-fifth of the territory has been surveyed, it is fair to assume 
that they actually embrace several times this area. It is said the iron 
age is the greatest from a commercial standpoint. The same may 
better be said of the coal age, as coal is the one need above all others 
which will aid most in the development of Alaska. With coal, Alaska 
can have railroads, steamships and gold and copper mining facilities 
at reasonable cost. Almost the same may be said of the petroleum 
wells which are found in Alaka, from one of which a fine exhibit of 
petroleum has been brought to the Alaskan Exhibit. At the present 
time petroleum is the fuel most available for the miners on the Seward 
peninsula. 

In addition to the ores above mentioned, there is shown ore from 
which mercury is obtained, which is very valuable to the miner, to¬ 
gether with ores containing silver and platinum and specimens of jade. 
In fact, there is no known mineral which may not be found somewhere 
in the district of Alaska. 

In proof that Alaska is progressive, there are shown in the Alaska 
Exhibit specimens of school work from the public and high schools 
of Alaska, and from its industrial school and its schools for natives, 
which are a surprise to teachers of the most advanced and up-to-date 
schools of the States. 

The most unique feature of the Alaska Exhibit consists of In¬ 
dian curios and totem poles. These constitute a most interesting dis¬ 
play, and, it may be added, they are, and probably will be for some time 
to come, objects of commercial value. Governor Brady’s collection of 
Indian curios which is on display, is valued at many thousand dollars; 
and the sixteen totem poles which are on exhibit outside the building 
are of much greater commercial value than is commonly supposed, as 
they probably form the last great collection that will ever be brought 
from Alaska. The City of Seattle paid the natives of Alaska $1,200 
for one totem pole, which is displayed in one of the squares of that 
city, and the thirteen large totem poles adjacent to the wing in which 
the Alaska Exhibits are displayed may be disposed of, if the Alaska 
Commission so desires, for many thousand dollars, being, as they are, 
objects of the greatest interest to ethnologists. One of the smaller 
.totem poles on exhibition at St. Louis was sold for $500, and Gov- 


20 


Exhibition of the District of Alaska 


ernor Brady was besieged by agents of universities and museums who 
wished to purchase other poles at much greater prices. In this con¬ 
nection should be mentioned garments which are on display in the 
Alaska Exhibit made by Indians of squirrel skins and seal skins, to¬ 
gether with waterproof coats made from the intestines of animals. 
There are also shown beautiful baskets woven by the natives and robes 
made of eagle down. 

In the case which contains the gold nuggets from Seward pen¬ 
insula, above mentioned, there is likewise shown a collection of most 
artistic jewelry made in Nome, Alaska. This collection includes watch 
chains made of gold nuggets, and breastpins and stickpins of fossil 
ivory, rimmed with nuggets. This fossil ivory was cut from the tusks 
of the mastodon, and have lain buried deep in the earth in the far north 
for hundreds of years. The ivory during this time has changed to a 
beautiful brown or variegated tint, and is very rare and beautiful. 
Other exhibits from Nome consist of walrus tusks handsomely etched 
with various drawings by white and natives. On one of these tusks 
there is a very lifelike head of President Roosevelt, etched by a native. 

From other Alaskan towns have come fine needlework and inter¬ 
esting articles made in industrial schools. All of the cedar stools on 
which the birds are mounted were made by the native boys in the 
industrial school of Juneau, Alaska, in charge of Professor W. A. 
Kelly. In a case by themselves, carefully locked, are displayed rare 
volumes and maps of exploration and early discoveries, from Sitka, 
sent by Governor Brady as showing the beginnings of the Alaska 
library. 

Some four years ago a committee, consisting of senators and 
members of the house of representatives, was sent to Alaska by con¬ 
gress to inspect that region and to ascertain its needs. Their reports 
were unanimous in expression of amazement at the great resources of 
that country, and since that time congress has been most well disposed 
toward Alaska. President Roosevelt, who has kept fully advised as 
to the development of this territory, has said: “No country has a 
more valuable possession—in mineral wealth, fisheries, furs, forests,, 
and also in land available for certain kinds of farming and stockraising. 
It is a territory of great size, of varied resources and well fitted to 
support a large population”; and he asked congress to enact such legis¬ 
lation as would best further the development of that region. Congress 
has, since the report of the committee, been alive to the needs of 
Alaska, and it may be truly said that the United States Government 
could hardly have done more for the furtherance of the development 
of the great rich district of Alaska, with its untold wealth in minerals. 


At the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition 21 

and its great possibilities in agriculture, than it has done by securing 
for the people of Alaska an opportunity to display their resources and 
products to the inspection of those who visit the Lewis and Clark Ex¬ 
position. The exhibits shown at the exposition have excited the ut¬ 
most wonder and surprise in the minds of the many witnessing them 
who had been in ignorance of the resources of that country, and many 
thousands are being led by these exhibits to investigate and to seek 
further information. The effect of the Alaska Exhibit will undoub- 
edly be far reaching and permanent. Nor can it be doubted that con¬ 
gress will in the near future supplement this great contribution to 
Alaska’s welfare by legislation which shall secure the one great need 
of Alaska—inland transportation.—Jos. B. Marvin, in the Sunday 
Oregonian, Portland, Or. 

RECENT NOTES FROM THE ALASKA PRESS. 

Alaska does more business per capita than any other geographical 
division of the United States. 

Alaska’s products from all resources for the year just closed, 
amounted to $21,400,000.00. 

Alaska has furnished during the past year a market for goods, 
wares and merchandise to the value of $12,500,000.00. 

The output of gold for the year 1905 will reach $10,000,000.00. 
This is a conservative estimate. 

The pack of salmon at the various canneries this year will exceed 
1,500,000 cases, amounting in value to $6,000,000.00. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

Alaska is located in the extreme northwestern portion of the United 
States, and contains about 600,000 square miles. It is bounded on the 
north by the Arctic ocean, on the west by Bering strait, on the south by 
the Pacific ocean, and on the east by the Northwestern Territory. In 
extent it is about 800 miles from its eastern boundary to Bering strait, 
and about 1,000 miles from north to south, not including the Aleutian 
islands, which reach from its southwesterly portion westward into the 
Pacific ocean about 1,500 miles. It contains one of the highest moun¬ 
tains on the American continent—Mt. McKinley—one of the largest 
rivers on the continent—the Yukon—which is navigable for 2,500 
miles, and which runs through the center of the territory from east 
to west, emptying into the Bering sea. Its rivers have numerous trib¬ 
utaries, some of which are navigable. The region is mountainous, but 
contains extensive river valleys of productive soil, which, in their 
uncultivated state, produce excellent grasses and wild fruits and ber¬ 
ries in great quantities. 


22 


Exhibition of the District of Alaska 


CLIMATE. 

The climate of Alaska is nearly as varied as the Atlantic coast, 
extending from Maine to North Carolina. Southeast Alaska and the 
Aleutian islands are tempered by the Japan currents flowing from west 
to east along the southern coast. North and west of the coast range 
of mountains the climate is healthful, invigorating and dry, and on the 
Yukon river near the Arctic circle, the temperature ranges from 102 
in summer to seventy degrees below zero in winter. In Southeast 
Alaska, where the effect of the Japan currents is felt, the temperature 
is more mild than in other temperate regions of the same latitude. 

POPULATION. 

In the year 1900 the population of Alaska, according to the census, 
was 63,592, of which number 30,507 were whites and 33,085 were 
natives. Fully 25,000 people spend five or six months in the district 
every year, who are not included in the census of the permanent pop¬ 
ulation. 


PUBLIC LANDS. 

Mineral lands are located in conformity with the general mining 
law, enacted by congress in 1872. Timber may be used for home con¬ 
sumption, but cannot be shipped out of the territory. .Sawmills are 
charged a tax of ten cents per thousand feet. 

A bill approved March 3, 1903, provides: ‘‘That every person who 
is qualified under existing laws to make homestead entry of the public 
lands of the United States who has settled upon or who shall hereafter 
settle upon any of the public lands of the United States, situated in the 
district of Alaska, whether surveyed or unsurveyed, with the intention 
of claiming the same under the homestead laws, shall, subject to the 
provisions and limitations hereof, be entitled to enter three hundred and 
twenty acres or a less quantity of unappropriated public land in said 
district of Alaska” 

EDUCATION. 

Alaska is well supplied with schools. Those in the incorporated 
towns are supported by a municipal tax. Schools for the natives are 
maintained by various missions and by the United States, there being 
a special appropriation by congress for this specific purpose. The white 
schools are graded and include a number of high schools. 

The act of May 17, 188-1, establishing a civil government for 
Alaska, made provision for the education of children of school age in 
the District of Alaska, and congress annually appropriated a specific 
sum for the building of schoolhouses and the maintenance of schools. 


At the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition 23 

Boarding schools for the training of the natives are maintained by 
the various denominations which have established missions in Alaska. 

New laws have been enacted from time to time to meet the needs 
of the influx of population. The law of 1901 authorized the incorpora¬ 
tion of towns of three hundred inhabitants or more, and provided for 
the people to elect a school board which selects the teachers and fixes 
their salaries. All the larger towns are incorporated, and their schools 
are supported from a license tax paid for business carried on in the 
incorporated towns. Schools in these incorporated towns are well 
graded and each has a high school with efficient teachers. 

In 1905 congress enacted a law as follows: 

[Public—No. 26.] 

AN ACT to provide for the construction and maintenance of roads, 
the establishment and maintenance of schools, and the care and 
support of insane persons in the district of Alaska, and for other 
purposes. (Approved January 27, 1905.) 

Sec. 3. That the governor of the district of Alaska shall be ex 
officio superintendent of public instruction in said district, and as such 
shall have supervision and direction of the public schools in said dis¬ 
trict, and shall prescribe rules and regulations for the examination and 
qualification of teachers, and shall make an annual report of the condi¬ 
tion of the schools in the district to the Secretary of the Interior. 

Sec. 7. That the schools specified and provided for in this act shall 
be devoted to the education of white children and children of mixed 
blood who lead a civilized life. The education of the Eskimos and 
Indians in the district of Alaska shall remain under the direction and 
control of the Secretary of the Interior, and schools for and among the 
Eskimos and Indians of Alaska shall be provided for by an annual 
appropriation, and the Eskimo and Indian children of Alaska shall 
have the same right to be admitted to any Indian boarding school as 
the Indian children in the states or territories of the United States. 

REINDEER. 

The introduction of domesticated reindeer into northwestern 
Alaska was most timely. This industrial enterprise is under the man¬ 
agement of the Bureau of Education, and was adopted as a better way 
to aid the Eskimos in their strenuous efforts to “keep the wolf from 
the door,” than the system used elsewhere of issuing rations to im¬ 
provident Indians. The food supply of the Eskimo became well-nigh 
exhausted, as the whale, walrus and fur-bearing animals disappeared 
before the white man's superior methods of taking these animals of 
both sea and land. The natives were rapidly approaching a condition 
of starvation and were suffering for the necessary comforts of life. 


24 


Exhibition of the District of Alaska 


From a small beginning with a few of these animals transported 
from Siberia, the Alaska herds are now numbered by thousands, and 
the Eskimos have not only learned to domesticate and care for the rein- 
deer, but to use it in place of dogs for teaming and to get milk, meat 
and clothing from this useful animal. The reindeer lives chiefly upon 
wild moss, while dog teams and horses must be furnished with feed; 
hence the reindeer is the natural draft animal in arctic regions. Under 
contract with the Post Office Department, the United States mail has 
been carried by reindeer teams on four postal routes—between St. 
Michael and Kotzebue, Eaten and Nome, Teller and Deering, and 
Kotzebue and Point Barrow. 

MINING. 

The mineral industry of Alaska is more extensive than any other 
at present, and is steadily increasing. The gold mining industry con¬ 
sists mainly of placer mining, but quartz mining is destined to become 
even more important in the future, as it is the history of all placer 
mining regions that gold quartz exists below the surface. It is esti¬ 
mated that the gold product of Alaska aggregates about $149,000,000, 
most of which has been mined since the year 1888. Nome, Council 
City, Fairbanks, Coldfoot, Rampart, Nizina, Forty Mile, have all been 
centers of interest in placer mining. Hydraulic mining is coming more 
into notice in Alaska each year. There are vast areas suitable for this 
kind of washing. Mining with dredges and steam shovels is likewise 
carried on. Smelters for the mining of copper are in operation upon 
Prince of Wales island and in the Copper river region. The yield of 
copper on the properties of these places is undoubtedly destined to 
influence the copper market of the world. Lead and silver are mined 
in connection with other ores. Platinum, gypsum and marble have 
been located, and mines and manufacturing plants are being organized 
for their development. 

Lead, zinc and iron are found throughout Southeast Alaska, but 
they have not yet been extensively mined, owing to want of transporta¬ 
tion facilities, which is a great drawback to all mining enterprises. 
Asbestos is found on the mainland, Beadfield canal, also in Kuperanoff 
island. Graphite is found in large quantities near Nome, and jade in 
limited quantities in the Cape York mining district. Uranium is found 
in small quantities in Baranoff island. Platinum is found in small 
quantities in Cape York district. 

Stream tin has been found on several streams on Cape Prince of 
Wales, in the York mining district, and several companies have, for 
the past two years, been engaged in its exploitation, but very recently 
ledges of quartz tin ores have been located between Cape Prince of 


At the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition 25 

Wales and Shismaneff inlet and on Cape mountain, which, it is be¬ 
lieved, will prove to be of enormous value. One claim in this region 
has recently been bonded for $5,000,000.00, and large tin mining com¬ 
panies have been formed for the development of the tin mines in this 
region. It is predicted that these quartz tin mines will soon supply 
tin for the whole United States. 


COAL. 

Coal is found in every section of the territory. In variety it com¬ 
prises lignite, anthracite, bituminous and cannel coal, and the principal 
mines so far discovered are located on navigable streams and near the 
tide water, thus enabling this industry to be placed on a favorable foot¬ 
ing as a competitor with the coal fields of British Columbia. 

The best coals of the territory are the seams of semi-anthracite, 
found near Controller bay. Analysis shows them to be far superior 
to any others in the district, including the best of the British Colum¬ 
bia coals. 

The following statements as to the coal fields of Alaska appear in 
the reports of the Geological survey for the years 1902-1904: 

Developments have been entirely along waterways, where the coal 
could be handled cheaply and receive the benefit of water transporta¬ 
tion. The southeastern and southwestern Alaska coal fields, as far as 
developed, are on tidewater along a coast line affording good harbors, 
which are open to navigation the entire year. They can be mined com¬ 
paratively cheaply, and while many of them are not equal in quality 
to the other Pacific coast coals, yet they have found a ready market 
for local steamboat and domestic use. No developments have been 
made of the higher grade coals, which are known to occur in southern 
Alaska, except in a few localities. The development of the Yukon 
coals is dependent entirely on their finding a local market. As long 
as the placer mines of the Yukon basin continue to make a large annual 
output of gold, these Yukon coal mines will find ready sale for their 
products. 

The known coal fields of Alaska include about 16,000 square 
miles, but, as less than one-fifth of the territory has been surveyed, it 
is fair to assume that they actually embrace several times this area. 
Geographically, the coalfields fall into four groups—those of the Pacific 
seaboard, those of Bering sea, those lying near the Arctic ocean, and 
those of the Yukon basin. In addition to these, there are known to be 
•extensive areas of coal bearing rocks in the Arctic slope region, as well 
as in other parts of the interior, but as these have only remote commer¬ 
cial value, they need not be here considered. 


26 


Exhibition of the District of Alaska 


The coal fields of the Pacific seaboard, though comparatively small 
in area, are of importance because of their accessibility, and because 
they include the highest grade coal yet found in Alaska. There are 
two distinct types of coal in this province, both probably of tertiary 
age. The lignitic coals are the most widely distributed. 

The coal fields of the Yukon basin which are at present accessible, 
fall into two groups. The first includes those of the upper river, which 
are lignitic and occur in relatively small areas. The second group 
includes a belt of cretaceous coal bearing rocks which have been traced 
for some 200 miles along the lower Yukon. These latter embrace low 
grade bituminous coals which have been found in seams up to four 
feet in thickness. Though they do not compare in quality with the 
bituminous coals of the Pacific province, yet they have a prospective 
value for local use. 

In spite of its extensive coal fields and of the fact that Alaska is 
probably paying $2,000,000 annually for fuel, coal mining has been 
almost entirely neglected. The total output of coal reported to the 
survey in 1904 was 694 short tons and 747 tons in 1903. These figures 
are probably considerably below the actual production, but the total 
would not exceed 2,000 tons a year. 

PETROLEUM. 

Petroleum is found in many locations, but this industry is yet 
undeveloped. Oil of superior quality has been found at Kayak and 
Cook inlet. 

MARBLE. 

Marble promises to become an important product of Alaska. Large 
quarries are located on Prince of Wales island throughout an area of 
400 acres. Gray marble is found on Ham island and the mainland 
contiguous. It is exceptionally hard and stands a test of 10,000 pounds 
to the square inch. 

FISHERIES AND CANNING. 

Salmon, halibut and cod fishing are carried' on extensively in fish¬ 
ing season all along the Pacific coast from the eastern extremity of 
Alaska to Bristol bay near the point on the coast where it turns north¬ 
ward. Some eighty canneries are established along this coast, one of 
the principal ones being on Kodiak island. From 15,000 to 20,000 people 
are employed in these canneries during the canning season. It is an 
interesting fact that the rentals paid by the fishing companies to the 
United States have already paid the United States the amount paid for 
the territory several times over. The pack of salmon during the pres¬ 
ent season will exceed 1,500,000 cases. 


At the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition 


27 


FURS. 

Great quantities of furs are taken in Alaska, embracing furs of 
the Polar, black, and brown bear; black wolf; white, red, blue and silver 
gray foxes; badger, beaver, sables and seals. It is known that Alaska 
has yielded great wealth to this industry, but the extent can not be 
stated with any certainty, as it has been the policy of the fur trader to 
conceal his operations, and the conditions of the trade are such that 
he is able to do so. 

STOCK RAISING AND AGRICULTURE. 

These industries have been begun on a small scale, but they will 
undoubtedly become extensive, as Alaska has millions of acres of 
grasses suitable for stock, and the Department of Agriculture has dem¬ 
onstrated the fact, by experiments, that agriculture is not only possible 
but may be profitable in the valleys south of the Yukon river. 

The total area of the grass lands of the south Alaska coast approx¬ 
imates 10,000 square miles. Nearly all of this lies between Cook Inlet 
and Unalaska. Of this total area at least one-half would seem to be 
capable of utilization. Much of this last is covered with tall and rank 
grasses, often six feet high. The remainder, lying in more exposed 
situations or at higher elevation, produces grasses that are too short 
for hay cutting, but furnish splendid pasturage. 

Cattle, sheep and Angora goats have been introduced, and it is 
believed it is only necessary to select the breeds which are best adapted 
to this region to make stock raising a success. 

Experiment stations have been established by the Department of 
Agriculture at Sitka, Ivenai and Copper Center, and Mr. C. C. George- 
son, who has been in charge of these stations for a number of years, 
claims to have demonstrated by successful experiments that cereals, 
vegetables and fruits in great variety may be grown successfully in 
southern Alaska, and that thousands of acres in that region are suit¬ 
able for farming. 


TRANSPORTATION. 

The greatest need of Alaska is railroads. Its harbors are visited 
bv the vessels of great steamship companies; steamers ply the waters 
of the great Yukon, affording facilities for transportation, both for 
passengers and freight, and thousands of tourists avail themselves of 
the facilities afforded, and the number of such pleasure-seekers is in¬ 
creasing every year. Alaska is beginning to be known as “The Switz¬ 
erland of America/’ 


28 


Exhibition of the District of Alaska 


Meanwhile, facilities for transportation into the interior by rail¬ 
roads continue utterly inadequate. The White Pass and Yukon rail¬ 
road is the longest at present, but there are only thirty miles of this 
line within the limits of Alaska, the other eighty miles running through 
the Canadian'Northwest Territory, and the line is owned and controlled 
by Canadian interests. This line forms a connecting link between the 
Pacific ocean and the head of navigation of the Y ukon river. 

The second railroad was built by a mining company and connects 
Nome with the rich mining creeks of that section. It is only eight 
miles long and is a narrow gauge road, but it has paid for itself many 
times over, being invaluable to the miner, enabling him to transport 
machinery to the mines. In 1903, twelve miles of railroad were built 
up Solomon river on the Seward peninsula, and it is proposed to con¬ 
tinue this road to Council City and the rich Ophir mining district, giv¬ 
ing that region communication with tide water. This road will open 
and develop a wonderfully rich region. A railroad has been projected 
from Valdez, which lies at the head of one of the largest harbors in the 
world, to Eagle City, on the Yukon river, and work upon it has begun. 
This road, when completed, will traverse the rich Copper and Tanana 
valleys and penetrate the territory of Forty Mile river, through a coun¬ 
try not only rich in minerals, but in the very heart of the richest agri¬ 
cultural lands. 

A railroad is now being built from Seward on Resurrection bay to 
a point on the Yukon river near the mouth of the Tanana river. This 
road will likewise open up rich mining and farming lands. It is 
planned to have a hundred miles of this road ready for traffic within 
another year. At Kayak a coal company has built twenty-five miles of 
railroad, which makes possible the development of rich anthracite coal 
mines, connecting them with deep tide water. In this connection it 
should be mentioned that the government has constructed telegraph 
lines reaching from Seattle to Nome, the last section of this line having 
been recently completed. Following is a list of the railroads in Alaska 
which have been completed or begun: 

The White Pass & Yukon railroad, 140 miles in operation ; the 
Nome Arctic railroad, twelve miles completed; the Wild Goose railroad, 
eight miles from Council City; Council City & Solomon railroad, eleven 
miles completed; the Tanana Mines railroad, new road under con¬ 
struction ; the Alaska Central railroad, twenty-five miles completed; 
Copper Mountain & Northwestern railroad, surveys completed. 

FORESTRY. 

The southeastern part of Alaska, extending as far west as Prince 
William's sound, is heavily timbered, in fact, it is so heavilv timbered 


At the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition 


29 


(in consequence of the fact of the Japan currents and the rainfall) that 
the forests of southeast Alaska are like a tropical jungle, and are onlv 
penetrated when roads are cut through them. The timber consists 
mainly of spruce, hemlock, red cedar, birch and yellow cedar. A num¬ 
ber of sawmills have been located in this region. Owing to the lack 
of transportation, this industry is not extensive. It bids fair to be, in 
time, a great and profitable business. 

GOVERNMENT. 

While Alaska is a territorial possession of the United States, it has 
not yet been accorded a territorial form of government. Its correct 
designation is “The District of Alaska/’ A governor and judges and 
marshals, Lmited States attorneys, collector of customs and surveyor 
general are appointed by the president. The governor is required to 
make an annual report to the secretary of the interior, and by means 
of this report and by reports from the military and other departments 
located in Alaska, the president and congress are kept fully advised 
as to the development of the district. 

CITIES AND TOWNS. 

Ketchikan —Ketchikan is the first United States customs port 
as you enter Alaska from the south. The town is incorporated, hence 
has its own city officers, its own courts and its own schools. Ketchi¬ 
kan is electrically lighted and has a splendid water system. There is 
a saw mill and also a large salmon cannery there. It is the distrib¬ 
uting center for the Ketchikan mining district. Like other incorpo¬ 
rated towns, it has a chamber of commerce. 

Wrangel— Is a beautiful town, situated on Etolin bay, about 750 
miles from Seattle, on the direct steamship line; has a moderate climate, 
never reaching above seventy degrees in summer nor go'ng below zero 
in winter. Main industries are salmon, halibut and herring fisheries,, 
and the finest forests of this section of Alaska are contiguous. Six miles 
from Wrangel is the mouth of the Stikan river, which is navigable 150 
miles, fifty miles up stream, however, the boundary line between the 
United States and Canada is crossed. The Wrangel mining district 
is noted for its rich quartz bearing ores, principally gold and copper. 
The main land east of Wrangel is rich in silver and lead ores. This 
district also boasts of no less than five distinct varieties of marble, be¬ 
sides the finest deposits of bituminous coal. Near Wrangel the largest 
cauliflower grown in Alaska was produced, and it weighed ten and a 
half pounds, and the largest Irish potatoes, seven pounds and three 
ounces. Most of the fresh halibut used in the United States are caught 
in the Wrangel narrows. The city is incorporated. 


30 


Exhibition of the District of Alaska 


Sitka —The capital of Alaska, is located on Baranoff island, along 
the southeastern coast of Alaska. It was founded by Governor Bar¬ 
anoff, a Russian explorer, in 1799, and is the oldest town in Alaska. 
The town is noted for its beauty, and boasts of many historic places of 
interest. The climate at Sitka is remarkably mild. Here also may be 
found the famous hot springs, whose waters are noted for their won¬ 
derful medicinal properties. 

Juneau —The metropolis of southeastern Alaska, is located at the 
headwaters of the Gastineau channel, and is one of the oldest cities in 
Alaska. It is a mail distributing center for all points westward, and 
forms a base of supplies for many of the extensive mining operations in 
that vicinity. It is a town supported largely by the mines, but here also 
may be found Various industries. The school system of Juneau, like 
that of several other towns in Alaska, compares favorably with the 
larger cities along the coast. Large wholesale and retail establishments 
for the handling of all manner of supplies are located here. One of the 
public buildings of Juneau, recently completed by the United States 
government, cost $60,000. The city is incorporated. 

Douglas —Douglas City is an incorporated city, located on Doug¬ 
las island, immediately adjoining Treadwell, with a population of about 
1,500. The city is supported largely by the Treadwell mines, furnish¬ 
ing homes for many of the miners and their families. Here is to be 
found an excellent school system, also a well organized fire department 
and various other improvements. Juneau, Douglas and Treadwell are 
connected by telephone system, also by a ferry operated hourly. 

Treadwell— Is located on Douglas island, across the channel from 
Juneau; is an incorporated town, with a population of about 1,500. 
Here are located the famous Treadwell gold mines, the largest low 
grade gold mines in the world. The town is strictly a mining town. 
The population is confined to the employes of the mines. Here are 
located large machine and boiler shops, car shops, foundry, sawmill and 
all other industries which help to make and equip a large mining plant. 
Treadwell has an excellent water system, electric light plant, and pub¬ 
lic school. 

Seward City— Near Berner’s bay, located between Juneau and 
Skagway, is a new mining town which promises to rival some of the 
older towns along the coast because of the richness of the low grade 
gold ledges recently uncovered in that vicinity and the great amount 
of ore in sight. 

Skagway —Situated at the head of Lynn canal, is the entrepot for 
the Yukon and interior regions of Alaska, and the southern terminus 
of the Yukon and White Pass railroad. 


At the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition 31 

Yaicutat —This town is located on the west shore of the gulf of 
Alaska and is noted for the Yakutat baskets woven there by the na¬ 
tives. It contains a sawmill and a cannery, and is a trading station. 

Kayak —Has a harbor, and is the terminus of a railroad about 
completed to the anthracite coal fields, twenty-five miles distant. This 
field has three veins, sixteen, eight and five feet thick, respectively. 
Extensive oil fields have recently been developed, and the refinement 
shows a high grade of oil with a paraffine base. 

Catalla —Coal and petroleum are found in this town, which is 
located on the north shore of the gulf of Alaska. 

Petersburg —Which is a fishing station for halibut, is located in 
the southeastern portion of Alaska near Wrangel. 

V aldez— Located on the southern coast of Alaska, near the mouth 
of the Copper river, is a seaport town, and the proposed terminal of 
the Valdez and Eagle City railroad. As a seaport town it has a harbor 
which General Greeley says will accommodate the navies of the world. 
It is open at all seasons of the year, and as a railroad terminal Valdez 
will some day undoubtedly become a town of the greatest importance. 
It is incorporated. 

Seward —Is located at the head of Resurrection bay, and is the 
terminal of the Alaskan Central railroad, a projected railroad extend¬ 
ing from Seward to Rampart, opening up an extensive agricultural dis¬ 
trict. Seward, like Valdez, is a seaport town, with a harbor open at all 
seasons of the year. The Alaska Central railroad is now in course of 
construction, and a portion of the road is already in operation. 

Seldovia —This is an outfitting point for big game, moose, cari¬ 
bou, mountain sheep, etc. It is located near the mouth of Cook inlet. 

LIomer —A coaling station and trading post, is located on the east 
side of Cook inlet. 

Kenai —Is on the east side of Kenai lake. It is a trading station 
and has a cannery. 

Tyoonok —This is a trading station and outfitting post located on 
the west side of Cook inlet. 

Hope —A mining camp on the east side of Cook inlet, near Turn- 
again bay. 

Sunrise —A mining camp on the Turnagain bay. 

Iliamna —This town is the terminus of the overland route from 
Nome, and contains copper mines. 

Kodiak —Situated on Kodiak island, west of the gulf of Alaska. 
The climate of the island is mild, and cattle have been successfully 


32 


Exhibition of the District of Alaska 


raised there. Vegetables are grown in abundance. It is an important 
trading post. One of the earliest Russian settlements was located here. 

Chignik —Is an old trading post, on one of the Aleutian islands. 
Several canneries are located there. 

Sand Point —This town is an old trading post, located on Popof 
island, one of the Aleutian group. Beach gold is found there. 

Unga Island —There is a gold quartz mine at this station, which 
is one of the Aleutian group of islands. 

Dutch Harbor —Is on the north side of Unalaska island and is a 
coaling station and trading post. 

Unalaska —This is an old trading town and is noted for the 
mildness of its temperature. It is located on Unalaska island, one of 
the largest of the Aleutian group. 

Nushagak —Near the mouth of the Nushagak river. It is a fish¬ 
ing station and a native village. 

Ivolmakof— This is a trading post on the Kuskokwim river. 

St. Michaels —Is located on an island not far from the mouth of 
the Yukon river, serving principally as a terminal for the Yukon river 
steamers, affording also winter quarters for many of the river steamers. 
Here are also located the large warehouses of the leading trading com¬ 
panies of Alaska. The transfer to ocean steamers is made at this point. 

Council City— Council City is located on the Niukluk, and is the 
center of a rich mining country. The most productive of its many 
streams for placer gold is Ophir creek, which is not equaled in its out¬ 
put of gold by any creek of the Seward peninsula. 

Nome— Nome is the metropolis of extreme western Alaska and 
the Seward Peninsula. Placer gold was first discovered here on Anvil 
creek in 1898. During the summer of 1899 pay dirt was struck on the 
beach contiguous to Nome, and for sixteen months along the Bering 
sea coast thousands worked the auriferous gold bearing sands. In the 
spring of 1900 such a stampede was never known. Now Nome has 
passed her boom days, and is a good, solid, substantial mining center, 
with interests that radiate to every part of the Seward peninsula. The 
city is situated on the coast about twelve miles northeast of the projec¬ 
tion of land marked on the maps as Cape Nome, and is the distribut¬ 
ing point for the outlying districts. A municipal form of government 
prevails, and a chamber of commerce recently formed has done com¬ 
mendable work in the advancement of the country’s interests. That 
Nome is not the entirely irreligious town it has been depicted is evi- 




















































u s geological survey 


BULLETIN NO. 218 PL.l 
















































































































At the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition 33 

denced by the fact that the three churches which it boasts are attended 
by large crowds each Sabbath. There are several good hotels in Nome 
which are equipped with most of the modern and up-to-date contriv¬ 
ances and furnishings. The main streets of the city are planked with 
three-inch lumber; there is an electric lighting plant, telephone system, 
many well stocked and up-to-date stores, where every commodity civil¬ 
ization affords can be obtained at a slight advance on Pacific coast 
prices. There is a railroad system, three newspapers, three banks, and 
a number of varied business enterprises. During the summer the pop¬ 
ulation of Nome numbers about 15,000, and in winter about 2,500. 
Good schools and an excellent fire department service are maintained 
by the city government. The city is incorporated. 

Solomon —Is the southern terminus of the Council Citv and Solo- 

* 

mon River railroad. 

Teller City —Is located on Grantly harbor, and is the center of 
a growing placer district. 

Cape Prince of Wales —Is the most westerly point in Alaska, 
and is in the Cape York mining district, where placer gold and stream 
tin are found in limited quantities. 

Candle —A mining camp on the Kiwalik river, in Seward penin¬ 
sula. 

Kiwalik —This town supplies the Candle creek section of country 
in Seward peninsula. 

Deering —Is at the mouth of the Inmachuk river, which flows 
into Kotzebue sound. It is the most northern town on the Seward 
peninsula, and is the supply point of rich placer deposits. 

Point Barrow —Is the most northern point in Alaska, and here 
is located the most northern postoffice and signal station in the world. 
It is a United States government weather observatory and v,dialer 
relief station. 

Eagle City —Located on the Yukon river and the first town in 
United States territory in coming down the river; contiguous to Seventy 
Mile and American river mining country; is terminus of the projected 
Valdez & Yukon railroad. Here is located Fort Egbert, a three com¬ 
pany United Slates post, where commodious barracks have been 
erected. The town is incorporated. 

Fairbanks—A large mining camp twelve miles from the Tanana 
river; is the supply point for the rich Tanana mining district. Chena 
is the port of entry, and will probably displace Fairbanks as the mining 


34 


Exhibition of the District of Alaska 


town of this district. The present outlook for this country is very 
encouraging. The town is incorporated. 

Chena —Has a population of almost 1,000, with one newspaper 
and one bank. It is a good, live town and destined to grow. It is 
located on the Tanana river. 

Circle City —Circle City is the supply point for the rich mining 
camp of Birch creek and its tributaries. 

Rampart —Is a mining town and furnishes supplies for a large 
region of country. It contains extensive hydraulic works, and has a 
population of about three hundred. It is located on the Yukon river 
north of its junction with the Tanana. 

Old Fort Yukon —Is where the mighty river touches the Arctic 
circle and turns its course southwest on its way to the sea. Here the 
midnight sun is visible and the river is ten miles wide. Roses and ber¬ 
ries grow in great abundance, and any one inclined to romance can 
gather flowers and berries by the midnight sun. 

Bettles —Betties is on the Foyukuk river, and at the head of 
navigation. Fifty miles northward is the prosperous mining camp 
of Cold Foot. 

ALASKA ORGANIZATIONS, SOCIAL AND FRATERNAL. 

Arctic Brotherhood; branches established at various points 
througout Alaska and the Yukon territory. 

Alaska Academy of Sciences, Nome. 

Society of Ethnology, Sitka. 

Kegoavah Ivogga (Aurora Club), Nome. 

Alaska Women’s Auxiliaries of Sitka, Skagway, Juneau, Douglas, 
Treadwell, Wrangel and Ketchikan. 

Yukon Order of Pioneers. 

Alaska Club; headquarters, Seattle, Wash. 


ALASKAN PRESS. 


News, Nome. 

Nugget, Nome. 

Gold Digger, Nome. 

News, Council City. 

Forum, Rampart. 

Yukon Valley News, Rampart. 
News, Fairbanks. 

Nezvs, Teller. 

Gateway, Seward. 

News, Valdez. 


The Cablegram, Sitka. 

Alaskan, Sitka. 

Alaskan, Skagway. 

Dispatch, Juneau. 

Record Miner, Juneau. 
Transcript, Juneau. - ' 

Douglas Island Nezvs , Douglas. 
Sentinel, Wrangel. 

Mining Journal, Ketchikan. 







At the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition 


35 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 

In preparing this catalogue of the Alaska exhibit at the Lewis and 
Clark Centennial Exposition, in compliance with instructions from 
the Department of the Interior, I have availed myself of the assistance 
of citizens of Alaska who are personally acquainted with that region, 
to whom I wish to make acknowledgment. 

In preparing statements as to the location and characteristics of 
the cities and towns of Alaska and as to the industries of Alaska, I am 
under obligations for matter furnished by Professor William A. Kelly, 
for many years superintendent of schools in Alaska, now Executive 
Commissioner of the Alaska exhibit. I am likewise indebted to Mr. 
J. J. Underwood, representative of the Nome chamber of commerce, 
who is in charge of the gold exhibit from Nome, Alaska, at the Alaska 
exhibit. 

In this connection I desire to express appreciation for the valuable 
services rendered by the attendants at the Alaska exhibit, Mr. Harry 
Pidgeon, Mr. L. L. Bales and Mr. James Fish, all of whorn are 
Alaskans, and who have, during the period of the exposition, very 
greatly contributed to the educational influence of the exhibit by their 
intelligent explanations to visitors and by the information they have 
imparted relating to the geography, products and resources of Alaska. 

Joseph B. Marvin, 

Special Agent for the Alaska Exhibit. 



i 


View From Entrance to First Aisle. 









































Classified List of Exhibits. 


MAPS OF ALASKA. 


Large Relief Map of Alaska— 
Modeled from surveys by the 
U. S. Geological Survey. Sent 
by the Department of the In¬ 
terior, Washington, D. C. 

Progress Map of Alaska by di¬ 
vision of Alaskan mineral re¬ 
sources. Areas of geologic and 
topographic surveys, 1898, 
1903. 

Large comparative map, showing 
size of Alaska as compared with 
United States. 

Large map of Alaska. 

Topographic map of the northern 
portion of Seward Peninsula. 

Topographic map of Nome region. 

Map showing explorations in 
Alaska, portions of Tanana and 
White rivers. 

Geological Reconnaissance map of 
Northern Alaska. 

Topographical map of Chitina and 
Copper river regions. 

Large geological survey map of 
the United States. 

Map of portions of Koyukuk and 
Chandler rivers, with geological 
notes. 

Reconnaissance map of northeast¬ 
ern portion of Seward Pen¬ 
insula. 


Topographical map of headwaters 
of Copper and Tanana rivers. 

Reconnaissance map of Fort 
Yukon to Kotzebue sound. 

Geological survey map of explora¬ 
tions in Alaska, Mt. McKinley 
region. 

Military expedition map of Prince 
William sound. 

Topographic map of Copper and 
Chistochina river regions. 

Map showing explorations in 
Alaska, Lower Kuskokwim 
river and Kanektok river. 

Reconnaissance map of Fairbanks 
and Birch creek districts. 

Map showing explorations in 
Alaska, Middle Kuskokwim 
river and part of Bristol bay. 

Topographic Reconnaissance map 
of Northern Alaska. 

Topographic Reconnaissance map 
of Northern Alaska. 

Map showing military expedition 
in Copper river and adjacent 
territory. 

Map showing explorations in 
Alaska, Sushitna river and ad¬ 
jacent territory. 

Map of Wrangel district, Alaska. 


TREADWELL MINE EXHIBIT. 

One of the most impressive and significant exhibits consists of a 
gilded cube about three feet in diameter, representing the size of a block 
of gold worth $7,200,000.00, which is the amount paid by the United 
States to Russia for Alaska, and beside it, enclosed in a brass railing, 
a gilded pyramid of blocks representing the amount of gold taken each 
year since 1882, from the Treadwell mine in Alaska, aggregating 
$21,800,000.00, a sum which is three times the amount paid for Alaska, 
taken from one mine. 




Raw Whalebone, Treadwell Mine Exhibit, Furs, Moose Heads, Petroleum, Cereals, and Old Muskets 
















At the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition 


39 


COPPER ORE. 

The copper ore exhibit is very large, filling a glass case seventy- 
five feet long and five feet high. These ores were classified by an expert 
mineralogist from the U. S Geological Survey, and they include speci¬ 
mens from nearly all the mines in Alaska. Following is a list of the 
mines from which the ores were collected: 


Copper Queen Claim, Prince of 
Wales Island. 

Kaykan Cods Mine, Prince of 
Wales Island. 

Yellow Jacket Claim, Prince of 
Wales Island. 

Mt. Andrew Mine, Prince of 
Wales Island. 

Province Mine, Prince of Wales 
Island. 

Ellemar Mines, Virgin Bay. 

Ready Bullion Copper Cods Mine, 
Cook Inlet. 

Bonanza Mine, Latouche Island, 
Prince William Sound. 

Old Glory Lode, Galina Bay, 
Prince William Sound. 

Bourke, Hemple and Steele Mines, 
Landlock Bay, Prince William 
Sound. 

Niblack Mine, Prince of Wales 
Island. 

McEwen Mine, Cleveland Penin¬ 
sula. 

Lost Boat Mine, Gravina Island. 

Portage Mountain Mining Co., 
Kupreanofif Island. 

Red Wing Mine, Copper City, 
Alaska. 

Alaska Copper Cods Property, 
Prince of Wales Island. 

Kasaan Bay Mining Co., Prince of 
Wales Island. 

Mamie Claim, Prince of Wales 
Island. 

Grove & Dickey Mine, Landlock 
Bay, Prince William Sound. 

McNaughton Mine, Galena Bay, 
Prince William Sound. 

Vesuvius Group of Mines, Galena 
Bay, Prince William Sound. 

Spongberg & Simpson, Knights 
Island. 


Kennicott Mines, Copper River. 

Gelinean & Bell, Copper River 
District. 

Steinmetz, Eagen & Putz, Land- 
lock Bay, Prince William 
Sound. 

Nicolai Mine, Chittyna River Dis¬ 
trict. 

Mullen Group Mines, Kotsina 
River District. 

Bonanza Mine, Chittyna River. 

Gelinean & Bell, Kotsina River 
District. 

Bonanza Mine, Latouche Island. 

Poot & Gelinean, Galena Bay, 
Prince William Sound. 

Bourke, Hemple & Steele, Land- 
lock Bay, Prince William 

Sound. 

Blue Bird Claim, Kotsina River 
District. 

Mountain Boy Mine, Sheep Creek, 
Kotsina River District. 

Keefe, Rystrom & Dolan, Land- 

lock Bay, Prince William 

Sound. 

Suessdorf & Leslie, Headwaters of 
Copper River. 

Putz & Steinmetz, Landlock Bay, 
Prince William Sound. 

Fidalgo Bay, Prince William 

Sound. 

Charles Rua, Boulder Bay, Prince 
William Sound. 

Rystrom, Dolan & Keefe, Land- 
lock Bay, Prince William 

Sound. 

Keystone Claim, Landlock Bay, 
Prince William Sound. 

Hugh Murray, Landlock Bay, 
Prince William Sound. 

Ellamar Mine, Ellamar, Alaska. 

Elliott & Hubbard Mining Co., 
Elliott Creek, Alaska. 


40 


Exhibition of the District of Alaska 


C. G. Debney, Solomon Basin, 
Valdez Bay. 

Glacier Island, Prince William 
Sound. 

Alaska Commercial Co., Unga Is¬ 
land. 

Cornell Mine, Kodiak Island. 

Thomas Blakney, Copper River. 

Chitita Development Co., Nizina 
River District. 

A. B. lies, Copper River. 

NATIVE 

Chitta Creek, Nizina, Copper 
River District. 

McCarthy Creek, Chittyna River 
District. 

Dan Creek, Nizina River District. 


Apollo Mine, Unga Island, S. E. 
Alaska. 

Cornell, Uyak Bay, Kodiak Is¬ 
land. 

Brady Bullion Mines, near Sew¬ 
ard. 

O. E. Wheeler, Copper Mountain, 
Kougorok District. 

Iron Creek, Kougorok District. 


COPPER. 

Chitita Development Co., . Rex 
Gulch, Nizina River District. 
Copper and Silver Ore, Ears 
Mountain, Seward Peninsula. 


NICKEL ORE. 

Cobbs, Smith & Frasee, Miners’ Bay, Prince William Sound. 

ANTIMONY. 

Nizina, Copper River District. 


GALENA. 


Coronation Island. 

Jack Wallace’s Claim, Revil- 
lagigedo Island. 

Mammoth Mine, Revillagigedo Is¬ 
land. 

Ears Mountain, Seward Penin¬ 
sula. 


W. Ripstein, Landlock Bay, Prince 
William Sound. 

James Simpson, near Slate Creek, 
Copper River, Kougorok Dis¬ 
trict. 


QUARTZ-TIN ORE. 


Ears Mountain, Seward Penin¬ 
sula. 

O. Lowell, Cape Prince of Wales. 
Seward Tin Mining Co., Port 
Clarence Mining District. 


John E. Burton, Cape Prince of 
Wales. 

Crim, Randt & O’Brien’s Mine, 
Seward Peninsula. 


STREAM TIN 


American Tin Mining Co., Buck 
Creek, near Cape Prince of 
Wales. 

P. Esch, Cape Prince of Wales. 


Alaska Tin Mining Co., near Cape 
Prince of Wales. 

Miss Emma Steiner, Buck Creek, 
Cape Prince of Wales. 


CASSITERITE ORE. 

Seward Peninsula, Cape Prince of Crim, Randt & O’Brien I ncf 
Wales. River Ledges. ' 


At the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition 


41 


PIG TIN. 

Smelted from Stream Tin, American Tin Mining Co. 

METALLIC TIN. 

Extracted from Stream Tin, Miss E. Steiner. 

TOURMALINE. 

Ears Mountain, Seward Peninsula. 

GARNETS. 

Near Wrangell, Alaska. 

RUBY SAND. 

Nome Beach. 

JADE. 

Seward Peninsula. 

CONGLOMERATE. 

Ears Mountain, Seward Peninsula. 


GOLD, GOLD NUGGETS AND DUST. 


A Gold Brick from Nome, Alaska, 
loaned by The Miners’ and Mer¬ 
chants’ Bank; weight, 88 lbs. G 
oz.; value, $19,355.77. 

Gold Nuggets from Dorie Creek; 
Gold Dust from Nos. 11 and 12, 
Eureka; Gold Dust from Seattle 
Junior Bench Claim; Gold Dust 
from Skookum Bench; Gold 
Dust from Dorie Creek; Gold 
Dust from No. 4 Glen Gulch; 
Gold Dust from What-Cheer 
Bar, Pioneer Creek, Rampart 
District, owned by What-Cheer 
Bar Co., value $70.00; Gold 
Specimens from Nos. 11 and 12, 
Eureka, Rampart District, 
owned by H. F. Thumm, collec¬ 
tion valued at $1,800.00. 

One Gold Nugget, value $3,- 
276.00, weight 182 ounces; one 
Gold Nugget, valued at over 
$2,000.00; one Gold Nugget, 
valued at $1,994.00, from Anvil 
Creek, Nome, Alaska. Owned 
by Pioneer Mining Co. 

1 oz. Gold Dust from Kasson 
Creek, Nome, District, owned 
by O. E. Olebaum. 


2 oz. Gold Dust from Nugget 
Gulch, Nome District, owned 
by Nome Chamber of Com¬ 
merce. 

2 oz. Gold Dust from Anvil Creek, 
Nome District, owned by Nome 
Chamber of Commerce. 

7 oz. Gold Nuggets from Candle 
Creek, Good Hope District, 
owned by Nome Chamber of 
Commerce. 

2 oz. Gold Dust from Portland 
Bench Claim, Nome District, 
owned by Nome Chamber of 
Commerce. 

2 oz. Gold Dust from Lost Creek. 
Nome District, owned by Nome 
Chamber of Commerce. 

1 oz. Gold Dust from Dry Creek, 
Nome District, owned by Den- 
hart, Niebuhr & Nixon, Nome. 

2 oz. Gold Dust from Ophir Creek, 
Council District, owned by 
Nome Chamber of Commerce. 

2 oz. Gold Dust from Oregon 
Creek, Nome District, owned by 
Nome Chamber of Commerce. 




GP 

t 

■ i 

Pr 

• i 

1 4 ** 


/ ? 

I : 

m V 


l 

pi- fW' , 

I r 

# 4 

fi\ 

le* 

[It* 




Gold and Mineral Exhibit From Nome, Including Largest Nugget Found in Alaska. 




































At the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition 


43 


2 oz. Gold Dust from Ancient 
Beach Streak, Nome District, 
owned by Nome Chamber of 
Commerce. 

2 oz. Gold Dust from Solomon 
River, Nome District, owned by 
Nome Chamber of Commerce. 

Gold Nuggets and Dust, valued at 
$1,224.00, from Forty Mile Dis¬ 
trict, owned by J. J. Cotter, 
Portland, Oregon. 


Rich Samples of gravel from 
Portland Bench Claim, Nome 
District, owned by Nome Cham¬ 
ber of Commerce. 

3 oz. Gold Nuggets from Dry 
Creek, Nome District, owned by 
Nome Chamber of Commerce. 

2 oz. Gold Dust from Boulder 
Creek, Nome District, owned by 
Nome Chamber of Commerce. 


JEWELRY. 

One Gold Nugget Watch Chain. 

One Gold Nugget Bracelet. 

One Gold Nugget Child’s Bracelet. 

One Shirt-Waist Set; three Scarf Pins; one Brooch; one heart- 
shaped Pendant, made of polished Mastodon Ivory, surmounted by gold 
nuggets. All the above loaned by A. J. Muller, Nome, Alaska. 


GOLD ORE. 


Otto Miller’s Claim, Prince of 
Wales Island. 

Chilcoot Mine, Prince of Wales 
Island. 

Sunday Sun Claim, Prince of 
Wales Island. 

Elizabeth Mine, Prince of Wales 
Island. 

Poor Man Mine, Prince of Wales 
Island. 

Commander Mine, Prince of 
Wales Island. 

Lavina Claim, Prince of Wales 
Island. 

Boston Claims, Juneau, Alaska. 

Nugget Mine, Prince of Wales 
Island. 

Golden Fleece Claim, Prince of 
Wales Island. 

Berners Bay, Alaska. 

Cracker Jack Mine, Prince of 
Wales Island. 

Excelsior Mine, Prince of Wales 
Island. 

Valparaiso Mine, Prince of Wales 
Island. 

Beauty Claim, Prince of Wales Is¬ 
land. 

Jumbo Claim, Prince of Wales Is¬ 
land. 


Peterson’s Claim, Prince of Wales 
Island. 

Claim No. 1, W. G. M. Co., Gra- 
vina Island. 

Apex Mine, Gravina Island. 

Freeman Property, Prince of 
Wales Island. 

San Francisco Mine, Gravina Is¬ 
land. 

Jack Kimen’s Claim, Revillagi- 
gedo Island. 

Col. Strunbar’s Property, Ketchi¬ 
kan, Alaska. 

Sealevel Mine, Revillagigedo Is¬ 
land. 

Keystone Mine, Revillagigedo Is¬ 
land. 

Laskawonda Claims, Revillagi¬ 
gedo Island. 

Hattie Camp, Woedsky Island. 

Alaska Snettisham Gold Mining 
Co., Snettisham, Alaska. 

Pearce Claims, Admiralty Island. 

Ebner Mining Company, Juneau, 
Alaska. 

Perseverance Mining Co., Silver 
Bow Basin. 

Eagle River Mining Co., near 
Juneau, Alaska. 

Treadwell Mines, Douglas Island. 



1899 

* 2150.000 


1900 

$ 5 , 000,000 


1901 

t^SOO.000- 


$5,500,000. 


1903 


* 6 , 000 . 000 . 


1904- 

* 6 , 200 , 000 . 


•rrr-» 


View From Rear of Second Aisle 























At the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition 


45 


Fawn Claim, Prince of Wales Is¬ 
land. 

Elephant’s Nose Mine,* near 
Wrangel. 

Jualen Mines Company, Berners 
Bay. 

Devil Club Claims, near Juneau. 


Ruby Quartz Claim, Bluff City, 
Alaska. 

Bullion Group of Claims, near 
Juneau. 

Alaska Treasure Consolidated 
Mines Co., Douglas Island. 


IMPURE GRAPHITE. 

P. Esch, Higluaik Mountains, near Nome. 


GRAPHITE PEBBLE. 

P. Esch, Higluaik Mountains, near Nome. 


SLATE WALL. 

Hunah Quartz Mine, Seward Peninsula. 

CINNEBAR ORE. 

H. J. Deiter, Ivuskokwim River. 


PAY DIRT—NOME DISTRICT. 


Juanita and Lucky Two Bench 
Claims, Dry Creek. 

Denhart, Niebuhr & Nixon, Bench 
Claim on Dry Creek. 

Wild Goose Mining Co., Lena 
Claim, Nakkila Gulch. 
Southword & Kettelson, Specimen 
Gulch. 

Kelly & Ginnivan, Target Bench 
Claim, Ancient Beach Line. 


J. C. Brown, Claim No. 1, Little 
Creek. 

Pioneer Mining Co., Anvil Creek 
Bench. 

Pioneer Mining Co., Portland 
Bench, on Little Creek. 

Corwin Company, Head of Moon¬ 
light Creek. 


PAY GRAVEL. 

Johnson Bros., Independence Bench Claim. 


PORTION OF BEDROCK. 

Pioneer Mining Co., Portland Bench. 


MARBLE. 


Section of marble from Ham Is¬ 
land, showing compression test 
of 10,000 lbs. to the square inch, 
W. F. Woodbridge, Wrangel, 
Alaska. 


Marble from Fort Wrangel, 
showing compression test of six 
tons to the square inch. Do¬ 
nated by E. Miller. 

Monuments, pillars and slabs from 
the American Coral Marble Co., 
Prince of Wales Island. 


Talc Schist, from Talcum King 
Mine, Council City, Alaska, 
owned by Froebese & McDon¬ 
ald. 

Crude Magnesium Talc, from Tal¬ 
cum King Mine, Council City, 
Alaska. 


TALC. 

Magnesium Talc from Talcum 
King Mine, Council City, 
Alaska. 

Panels in Talc and Picture of Talc- 
Mine, painted in Talc by F. E.. 
Froebese. 


46 


Exhibition of the District of Alaska 


COAL. 

Lignite Coal from Kugruk River Semi-Anthracite Coal from Con- 
District, Chicago Creek Coal trailer Bay, Alaska Anthracite 
Mine. Coal Company. 


PEAT. 

Jorgen E. Berg, Wrangell, Alaska. 


MINERAL WATER. 

Zarembo Mineral Springs Co., Inc., Zarembo Island, Alaska. 


OILS AND GUANO. 


Guano, from the Alaska Oil and 
Guano Company Killesnoo, Ad¬ 
miralty Island, Carl Spuhn, 
Manager. 

Crude and Refined Petroleum, 
from Kayak, from the flowing 
well owned by the company lo¬ 
cally known as “The English 
Company.” 

Refined Petroleum from Kayak— 
V. M. & P. Naptha, gravity, 
60-J degrees Beaume. 

Redistilled Light Naptha, Grav¬ 
ity, 75 degrees Beaume. 

Crude Naptha, Gravity, 64.9 de¬ 
grees Beaume. 

Crude Gasoline, 66-63J Gravity; 
average gravity, 64.8. 


Seepage Oil, from Cold Bay, 
Alaska. 

Paraffine Gum, as found in the 
open, Cold Bay, loaned by J. H. 
Costello, Cook Inlet. 

Crude Petroleum, from Cook In¬ 
let. 

Crude Scale Wax from Alaska, 
melting point, 123^. 

Crude Red Oil; Gravity, 23.5; 
Flash, 335. 

Crude Light Paraffine Oil; Grav¬ 
ity, 26.7; Flash, 330. 

Illuminating Oil; Fire test, 110 
degrees Fahr.; Gravity, 42.1 de¬ 
grees Beaume. 


FORESTRY. 

Section of Spruce Log from Mon- Section of tree showing blaze 
tague Island, Prince William made ninety-seven years ago. 
Sound. Stairway made of red and yellow 

cedar from Alaska. 


PAINTINGS AND PHOTOGRAPHS. 


Photographs of 

President Theodore Roosevelt, 
Hon. E. A. Hitchcock, Secre¬ 
tary of the Interior, 

Hon. Thomas Ryan, First As¬ 
sistant Secretary of the In¬ 
terior, 

Gov. John G. Brady, Acting 
Executive Commissioner Alas¬ 
ka Exhibit. 


Life-Sized Portrait of Peter The 
Great, loaned by Mr. L. Na- 
bokoff, found in Alaska at the 
time of the purchase by the 
Lnited States. A very rare pic¬ 
ture. 

Framed Pictures, loaned by The 
White Pass and Yukon Route, 
“Totem Pole Route,” Pacific 
Coast Steamship Co. 


At the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition 


47 


Paintings by Theo. J. Richardson, 

“Netley Corners,” Minneapolis, 

Minnesota: 

Scenes of Alaska. 

Native Interior. 

Old Russian Trading Post. 

Left by the Tide. 

Switzerland in Alaska. 

Chilkat Range from Skagwav. 

Old Sitka. 

Totems at Fort Wrangel. 

Deserted Village, Kasaan. 

Taku Glacier. 

Muir Glacier. 

St. Elias Alps. 

Buach at Sitka. 

Huge Berg, Taku. 

Warm Afternoon at Sitka. 

Way to Indian River. 

End Section of Muir. 

Russian Block House. 

Old Russian Market. 

Cloudy Morning. 

Silver Bay. 

End of Native Village. 

Covered Canoes. 

Out in the Mist. 

Blue Berg—Channel. 

Section Braking. 

Beached in the Rain. 

Old Sitka. 

Silvery Morning. 

Muir from Mt. Wright. 

Icebergs. 

Marble Berg. 

Golden Glow. 

Glacier Bay at 11 P. M. 

Baronoff Mountains. 

Windom Glacier. 

Snap Shots. 

Phantom Bergs. 

Spokane and Ice Front. 

Bark Hut. 

Drying Skins. 

End of Taku. 

Pink Twilight. 

After Sunset. 

Evening. 

Near Killisnoo. 

Taku Ice. 

Paintings of Alaska Scenery by 

Mrs. Rowena Nichols Leinss: 

A Scene in Wrangel Narrows. 

Scene in Kell Bay (Cannery and 
Foliage Mountain). 

The Artist on the Headwater of the 
Yukon (Tent, Self, Dog and Pupil, 
Jas. When). 

Placer Mining. 


Photographs loaned by the Wom¬ 
en’s Auxiliary of Skagway: 

Keelar, Money King of Alaska. 
Episcopalian Church. 

Interior of Church. 

Electric Light Plant. 

R. R. Shops. 

Reservoir. 

Skagway. 

Mt. Dewey. 

Dewey Falls. 

Paintings loaned by the Women’s 

Auxiliary of Inman: 

Mt. Edgcomb (water color), by Mrs. 
Kate Terrell. 

Greek Church (water color), by Mrs. 
Kate Terrell. 

Totems at Wrangel (water color), 
by Mrs. Kate Terrell. 

Shady Bend (water color), by Mrs. 
f. P. Jorgensen. 

Dick Harris (oil), by C. Krogh. 

Joe Juneau (oil), by C. Krogh. 

A Spruce Tree Bow Knot. 

Sea Eggs. 

Photographs from Women’s Aux¬ 
iliary of Skagway: 

Garden Dahlias. 

Flower Garden. 

Tea Roses. 

Sideboard, Interior. 

Skagway River, looking south. 

Falls, near Skagway. 

Flowers. 

Home and Garden. 

Skagway River. 

Dining Room. 

Parlor. 

Hedge of Sweet Pines. 

Residence. 

Interior of Residence. 

Oil Paintings loaned by Mrs. E. 
Rund: 

Alaskan Violets. 

Alaskan Marsh Marigolds. 

Alaskan Scene near Haines, Alaska. 

Photographs loaned by the Wom¬ 
en’s Auxiliary of Skagway: 

Picture Grandchildren of Mr. and 
Mrs. Broemser. 

Two pictures of Baby Rudd, six 
months old. 

Henry Dedman. 

Lester Moyer. 

Home of Mrs. Webster. 

Tony Deterio. 



Marble and Grain Exhibits. 

















49 


At the Lewis and Clark 

Photographs of Sitka, Alaska: 

Totem Poles at Indian River. 

Fourth of July at Sitka. 

Interior of W. R. Mills’ Home. 
Governor Brady’s Home and Chil¬ 
dren. 

Miss Patton’s Exhibit of Children’s 
Agricultural Efforts. 

Indian River Point. 

Interior Industrial Training Work 
Shop. 

Interior Industrial Training Shoe 
Shop. 

Interior Industrial Training School. 
Members of the Alaska Band. 
Episcopal Church. 

Interior of Greek Church and Ex¬ 
terior Greek Church. 

Interior B. Hurst’s Store. 

George Barrons’ Home. 

Vista Indian River. 

Walk, Indian River. 

Raft of Logs. 

Russian Orphanage. 

Sleighing Party. 

Native Village. 

The Common—Marine Barracks, 
Officers’ Quarters. 

Tay-he-vouch. 

Russian Block House on Fort. 
Evening. 

Night. 

Raft of Wood. 

Sitka from Russian Cemetery. 

Fishing. 

Salmon. 

Dried Herring Eggs. 

Main Street of Sitka in Winter. 

Paintings by Mrs. Kate Terrell, 

Juneau, Alaska: 

Mt. Edgcomb (water color). 

Greek Church at Sitka (water 
color). 

Totem poles at Wrangel (water 
color). 

View of Sitka harbor (water color). 

Paintings by Camilla Rund, Skag- 
way, Alaska: 

Alaska Cowslips. 

Alaska Wild Violets and old Indian 
Baskets. 

Rainbow Mountain, view from 
Haines, clearing for Ft. Seward in 
foreground. 

Oil Paintings by A. Burr, Valdez: 

Valdez Glacier. 

Columbia Glacier. 


Centennial Exposition 

Oil Paintings by F. C. Montgom¬ 
ery Davis, Juneau: 

Squaw Selling Curios. 

Alaska Miners Going Through Dyea 
Canyon to the Yukon. 

Alaska Curios. 

Paintings apd Photograph, loaned 
by E. Cunningham, Seattle, 
Wash.: 

Young American Eagles. 

Young Moose in Forest. 

Oil Paintings by Miss Florie 
Hirst, Sitka: 

Anemonie Japonica and Virginia 
Creeper. 

Violets and Cowslips. 

Picture of Talc Mine, painted with 
Talc paint, by F. E. Froebese, 
Council City, Alaska. 

Photographs—Cable Ship and Ca¬ 
ble Office, loaned by James 
Fish, Valdez, Alaska. 

Photograph of Three Ton Copper 
Nugget. 

Photograph of Slate Creek and 
Miller’s Gulch, loaned by C. H. 
Kramer, Valdez. 

Four Pictures of Arctic Brother¬ 
hood, Valdez, Alaska. 

Three Photographs of Flower 
Gardens in Valdez. 

One Album of Alaskan Views, 
loaned by Douglas Tancred, 
Kent, Wash. 

One Photograph of Camp Com¬ 
fort. 

Framed Photograph of first white 
child born in Valdez, loaned by 
Mrs. Barrie, Portland, Oregon. 

Picture of Valdez Transportation 
Co., stage leaving for Fair¬ 
banks, loaned by J. Fish. 

Photograph of McKinley Hall, 
Valdez, Arctic Brotherhood 
Lodge Rooms, from Valdez 
Chamber of Commerce. 



Mounted Animals and Birds from Alask 














51 


At the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition 


Photograph of Arctic Brother¬ 
hood Lodge Rooms, Camp Val¬ 
dez, No. 10, from \ aldez Cham¬ 
ber of Commerce. 

Photograph of Slate Creek, Cop¬ 
per River Valley, owned by 
Debnev & Poot, Valdez, Alaska. 

Photograph of Salmon Berries, 
loaned by P. S. Hunt, Valdez, 
Alaska. 

One Album of Alaska Views, 
loaned by P. S. Hunt, Valdez, 
Alaska. 

Photograph of Valdez Hospital, 
loaned by Miss Dean. 

Six Photographs showing interior 
views of residence of S. Blum, 
V aldez. 

Large Picture of Inspiration Point 
on White Pass & Yukon Route. 

Twenty-one Eskimo Pictures, 
loaned by B. B. Dobbs, New 
York, N. Y. 

Picture of Family Group, loaned 
by L. L. Bowers, Kodiak, 
Alaska. 

One large framed picture of Camp 
Nome, No. 9, Arctic Brother¬ 
hood, from Nome Chamber of 
Commerce. 

Photographs from Governor John 
G. Brady, Sitka, Alaska: 

Old Baranoff, first Russian Governor 
of Alaska. 

Salmon, weight 53 pounds. 

Indians Going to Potlatch. 

Mountains Near Sitka. 

Herring and Roe. 

Russian Blockhouse. 

Summer Scene. 

Raft of Logs. 

Indian River. No. 34. 

Indian River B. 

Presbyterian Mission Buildings. 

St. Peters by the Sea. 

Interior Greek Church. 

Mr. Barrons’ Home. 

A Picnic Party. 

Industrial Training School Group. 

Interior View Sheldon Jackson Mu¬ 
seum. 

Store in Sitka. 


Room in W. R. Mills’ H ome. 

Seven Pictures of Point Hope 
Scenes. 

Two Painted Pictures, Scenes of In¬ 
dian Potlatch. 

Copy of First Alaska Newspaper. 

Photographs from C. L. Andrews, 
Eagle, Alaska: 

Shipping on the Yukon. 

Towing Scows on the Yukon. 

Winter Mail Team on Yukon. 

Going Out of Ice in Yukon. 

Alaskan Game, “Ovis Dalli.” 

Alaskan Wild Flowers. 

Alaskan Light and Shadow. 

An Alaskan Lake. 

Alaskan Glaciers. 

Rotary Snow Plow. 

Summit of Face Mountain. 

Scows Drifting Down Yukon. 

Scenes in Alaska photographed bv 
Harry Pidgeon, Wrangel, 
Alaska: 

Stone’s Mountain Sheep, “Ovis 
Stonei.” Specimen now in the 
JJnited States National Museum. 
White sheep, “Ovis Dalli.” Specimen 
from the Kenai Peninsula. 

Scene in the Wild Sheep Country. 
Mountain Goats, photographed from 
life. 

Method of Putting a Pack on a Dog. 
Indian Cache for Storing Meat. 
Camp at Timber Line, Kenai Penin¬ 
sula. 

Sheep Hunters on a Mountain Lake. 
Scenes on Mountain Sheep Trail. 
Mountain Sheep Pasture. 

Forrester Island from Port Zazan. 
Landing on Forrester Island. 

Scene on Forrester Island. 

Rocks on Forrester Island. 

Cliffs, Forrester Island. 

Gulls, Forrester Island. 

Gull’s Nest. 

Young Gull. 

Tufted Puffin. 

Nests of the Crested Cormorant. 
Cape Muzon. 

Wrangel from the Mountains. 
Wrangel from the Bay. 

Gastineau Channel, with Juneau and 
Treadwell. 

Government Buildings, Sitka. 

Old Russian Blockhouse, Sitka. 

Scene in the Alaskan Woods. 

Le Conte Glacier near Wrangel, 
Alaska. 

Ice Berg, Le Conte Bay. 

Snow Slide, Stikeen River. 


52 


Exhibition of the District of Alaska 


Stratheona on the Stikeen River. 
Snow Bridge. 

Natives in Bidarke, Cook’s Inlet. 
Russian Church, Sitka. 

Interior Russian Church at Sitka. 
Madonna from Russian Church, 
Sitka. 

Interior of Russian Church at Kenai. 
Door in Russian Church at Kenai. 
Priests of the Russian Church. 
Indian Grave at Kassan. 

Hydah Burial Pole at Kassan. 

Totem Over Grave at Wrangel. 

Eagle Totem, Wrangel. 

Grave of Dr. Skahowa “Scow,” Med¬ 
icine Man of the Henega Tribe. 
Witch Doctor’s Grave near Kla- 
wak. 

Totems at Tuxikan, Alaska. 

Totem in Tuxikan. Since removed 
and exhibited at St. Louis and 
Portland Expositions. 

Indian Burial Ground, Howkan. 

Old Hydah House, Klinkwan. 
Interior Totem, Klinkwan. 

Interior of Ruined House, Klinkwan. 
Old Hydah House, Howkan. 
Deserted Village near Wrangel. 
Kadeshan’s Totems, Wrangel. 

New Metlakatla, or Port Chester. 
Scene in Kassan. 


Totem at Kassan. 

Totems of Chief Scowl, Kassan. 

Flashlight Photograph of Keke In¬ 
dians Holding a Ceremonial 
Dance. 

Keke Indians Raising a Totem Pole. 

Thlinget Totem at Wrangel, show¬ 
ing the legend of the creation of 
the world. 

Hydah Totem at Klenkwan, showing 
characters from the legend of the 
creation of the world. 

Sixty-eight photographs illustrat¬ 
ing mining and other industries 
and domestic scenes, loaned by 
J. J. Underwood, Nome, Alaska. 

Twenty-three photographs of 
Alaskan scenery, loaned by A. 
B. Kinne, Council City, Alaska. 

Ten photographs of scenes in 
Alaska, loaned by Mr. Carlyon, 
Wrangell, Alaska. 

Thirteen photographs of scenes in 
Alaska, loaned by L. L. Bales, 
Alaska. 

Photograph of Seward, loaned by 
George Sexton, Seward, Alaska. 


TRANSPARENCIES. 


Descriptive Title List of subjects 
from which transparencies have 
been made for use in the Alaska 
building: 

IN COLORS: 

Tonka Salmon Cannery. One of the 
principal salmon canneries of the 
North, located at north entrance of 
Wrangel Narrows. 

The Storm King in Alaska. 

Pack Train Transportation. A present 
day popular method of transporta¬ 
tion ; awaiting the advent of proper 
railway facilities. This scene shows 
the pack train bound for the rich 
Copper River district. 

Hawkins Point on the White Pass and 
Yukon Railway, the popular route 
into the rich Klondike. This is the 
most expensively constructed rail¬ 
way of its length in the world. 

The town of Valdez. The entrepot 
of the Copper River district and 
proposed southern terminus of a 
railroad 500 miles long to the Yu¬ 
kon River. 

Summer Trail to the White Pass. 


On Nicoli Creek. Miners’ cabin on 
Nicoli Creek below the Nicoli Cop¬ 
per Claim in the Copper River dis¬ 
trict. 

Sitka Harbor. 

Camp Comforts. An Alaskan Road 
House, on the Valdez, Yukon Mil¬ 
itary Trail. 

Down the Y ukon. The steamer 
“Louise” towing barges down the 
second longest river in the world. 

Sunset at Nome. 

The Great Treadwell Mine. This is 
one of the greatest gold mines in 
the world and is located on Doug¬ 
las Island, opposite the city of 
Juneau. 

Fort Liscorn. This is a military post 
on Valdez Bay. 

Fire Department at Circle City. 

Taku Glacier. This is located on 
Taku Inlet near Juneau. 

At the Bonanza Copper Mines. This 
is one of the richest copper strikes 
in Alaska and is locnted about 250 
miles inland from Valdez. 

Sunrise at Nome. 


At the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition 


53 


Miles Canyon. This is one of the 
upper stretches of the Yukon River 
and was traversed by the thousands 
on their stampede to the Klondike in 
’96 and ’97. Here was lost hundreds 
of thousands of dollars worth of 
merchandise through the inexpe¬ 
rience of those trying to navigate 
these swift waters. 

Sluicing on Anvil Creek, Nome. This 
is one of the richest gold creeks in 
Alaska, and has made millionaires 
of many poor prospectors. 

Descriptive Title List of subjects 
from which transparencies have 
been made for use in the Alaska 
building: 

IN BLACK AND WHITE: 

Pioneers’ Home and Garden. This 
is the home of a contented German 
pioneer and his wife in Valdez, 
Dr. A. Von Gunther, who started 
the first telephone exchange in 
Valdez in 1901. 

On Elliott Creek. A rich copper 
creek in the Copper River district. 

Carrying U. S. Mail in Alaska. A 
scene on the U. S. Mail Trail be¬ 
tween Valdez and the Yukon. 

Along the Keystone Canyon. This 
shows a rocky pass alongside the 
canyon leading into the Copper 
River Country. 

Tonsina Crossing. This shows the 
bridge across the Tonsina River 
built by the U. S. Government on 
the trail to the Yukon. 

SCHOOL 

Juneau Public School—First, sec¬ 
ond, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, 
seventh, eighth grades and high 
school work, illustrating their 
work in Literature, Grammar, 
Writing, Geography, Science, 
Physical Georgraphv, Arithme¬ 
tic/ Geometry, Drawing, Paint¬ 
ing, Etc. 

Valdez Public School—First, sec¬ 
ond, third, fourth, fifth sixth, 
seventh, eighth and ninth 
grades, illustrating their work in 
Spelling, Drawing, Language, 
Arithmetic, Writing, Geogra¬ 
phy, Algebra, Roman History, 
Etc. 


Interior Alaska Vegetable Garden. 
The garden in which was raised 
the finest turnips, beets, onions, 
cabbages, peas, and vegetables of all 
kinds; located about 100 miles from 
the Valdez coast. 

A Native Iglo. A typical winter hab¬ 
itation. 

Circle City. This shows the news of 
President McKinley’s death reaching 
Circle City twenty-four days after it 
had occurred and Seattle newspapers 
selling at $2.00 per copy. Since this 
picture was taken, this point has been 
connected by telegraph with the 
outside world. 

Star City Post Office on the Yukon. 

Ptarmigan and Duck. The result of 
two hours’ shoot near Nome by two 
men (with a dog). 

Crossing Copper River. This is on 
the route to the rich copper claims 
of the Copper River district. 

Three little Eskimos. This was made 
at St. Michaels, near the mouth of 
the Yukon. 

Native Industry. This shows some 
Point Barrow Eskimos making shoes 
from reindeer hide and cribbage 
board from walrus tusks. 

Camp Fire Yarns. This is a typical 
prospectors’ evening camp in Alaska. 

Sunset on the Yukon. This shows a 
steamer coming up this mighty river 
to Dawson, the capital of the Klon¬ 
dike district. 

Swimming the Kotsina. This is one 
of the branches of the Copper River. 

Nome City, July 4, 1900. 

EXHIBITS. 

Eagle Public School — First, 
third, fourth and ninth grades, 
illustrating their work in Gram¬ 
mar, Arithmetic, Spelling, 
Pressed Wild Flowers, Etc. 

> Very attractively arranged in 
birch bark covered books. 

Seward Public School—Consist¬ 
ing of Pressed Wild Flowers, 
Banners, Drawing, Number 
Work, Geography, Relief Maps 
and regular school work. 

Petersburg Government School— 
Consisting of Pressed Wild 
Flowers/ Needle Work, Draw¬ 
ing, Etc. 


54 


Exhibition of the District of Alaska 


Unalakleet Public School—Con¬ 
sisting of work in drawing. 

Sitka Presbyterian Mission Indus- 
trial Training School—1 Chif¬ 
fonier, 1 Baby Dress, 3 Pairs 
Shoes, 1 Blouse Waist, 1 Ging¬ 
ham Dress for child, 2 Shirt 
Waists, 1 White Lawn Apron, 
9 Dolls, 1 Bead Belt, 1 Bead 
Chain, 3 Pieces showing Patch 
Work, 3 Pieces showing Darn¬ 
ing Work, 3 Pieces showing dif¬ 
ferent Stitches, 1 Little Apron, 

1 Pair Small Mittens, 1 Sachet 
Bag, 1 Needle Cushion, 2 Rub¬ 
ber Balls with Crochet Covers, 

2 Beaded Bottles, 1 Pair of 
Stockings. 

Nome Public and High School— 
Album containing work of first, 
second and third grades. Al¬ 
bum containing pictures of first 
and second grade classes, Draw¬ 
ings and regular school work. 
Album containing Drawings, 
Pictures and regular class work 
of third and fourth grades. Al¬ 
bum contaning work in Geogra¬ 
phy, Arithmetic, Grammar, Etc., 
of fifth and sixth grades. Al¬ 
bum of High School work, Pic¬ 
tures, Drawings, Paintings, 
Latin, Algebra, Physics, Bot¬ 
any, Etc. Burnt Leather Cov¬ 
ered Drawing Book of Nome 
public schools. 

Skagway Public School—Photo¬ 
graphs of classes, pictures of in¬ 
terest first, second, third, 
fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and 
eighth grades, illustrating their 
work in Grammar, Language, 
Drawings, Pen and Ink Work, 
Arithmetic, Etc. 


Wrangel Public School—Public 
School Exhibit, Kindergarten 
Work, Drawing, Language, 
Arithmetic, Geography, Etc. 

Sitka Public School—Kindergar¬ 
ten Work, first, second, third, 
fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, 
eighth grades and High School, 
Algebra, Grammar, Geography, 
Relief Maps, Drawing, Kinder¬ 
garten and regular school work. 

Table and Case containing Eskimo 
School Work, Cape Prince of 
Wales, Dr. Sheldon Jackson 
School Work, Mixed Govern¬ 
ment and Mission Work, as 
follows: 

Photograph. Dr. Sheldon Jackson, 
President Indian School. Sitka, 1888. 

Photographs cf Eskimo Children, 
Schools, Churches, Residences. 

Photographs of Point Barrow. Pres¬ 
byterian Mission House. 

Photographs of Teachers in Alaska. 

Photographs of Juneau Public School. 

Photographs of Juneau Presbyterian 
Mission. 

Photographs of Moravian Mission. 

Photographs of Enisconal Mission. 

Photographs of Baptist Mission. 

Photographs of Holy Cross Mission. 

Photographs of Swedish Evangelical 
Union Mission. 

Public School, P T nga ( Aleuts). 

Kindergarten Work, Sitka, Alaska. 

Free Hand Drawing, School No. 1, 
Sitka, Alaska. 

Grammar, Seventh and Eighth Grades, 
Sitka, Alaska. 

Arithmetic, Third, Fourth, Fifth, 
Sixth, Seventh and Eighth Grades, 
Sitka, Alaska. 

Algebra, First Year High School, 
Sitka, Alaska. 

Kodiak, Alaska, U. S. Public School, 
Pen and Ink Work, Drawings. 

Photographs, Valdez Pictures. 


CEREALS AND GRASSES. 

The Commission has been very fortunate in securing for the Alaska 
exhibit a very fine collection of samples of grain, raised at the experi¬ 
ment stations in Alaska, consisting of grain in the straw, and 
threshed grain, including wheat, rye, barley and oats. These'samples 



At the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition 


DO 


are handsomely displayed, some of the grains and straw being taste¬ 
fully arranged on the walls, covering a space ten by forty feet, and the 
balance in a pyramid some ten feet high and eight feet in diameter. The 
threshed grains are displayed in glass jars. 

These grains and grasses were collected by Prof. C. C. Georgeson, 
special agent for Alaska in charge of the experimental stations of 
Alaska for the United States Department of Agricnltnre. This display 
of cereals and grasses is one of the most important, instructive and 
surprising to visitors of any display in the Alaska building, for it dem¬ 
onstrates the fact that agriculture is possible in Alaska, and that seekers 
after the treasures of the mines may always feel sure of subsistence. 
Without agriculture Alaska would be what it is properly supposed to 
be; but with agriculture it becomes one of the most attractive and prom¬ 
ising regions for development by the pioneer. 


The following are some of the 

Oats, common, grown in Rampart, 
Alaska. 

Oats, Zhelanni, Kenai. 

Oats, Swedish Select, Haines. 

Oats, Burt’s Extra Early, Sitka. 

Oats, White Russian, Sitka. 

Oats, Sixty Days, Sitka. 

Oats, Early Rust Proof, Rampart. 

Oats, Swedish Select, Sitka. 

Oats, Black Finnish, Sitka. 

Barley, Mansbury, Sitka. 

Barley, Sisolsk, Sitka. 

VEGETABLES 

Vegetables and Fruit from Alas¬ 
ka, loaned by Mrs. L. L. Bow¬ 
ers, Kodiak, Alaska: 

Cranberries. 

Moss Berries. 

Huckleberries. 

Green Peas. 

Kostianeka Jelly. 

Molina Jelly. 

Wax Models of Vegetables, from 
the Department of Agriculture. 
Exact models of vegetables 
raised in Governor Brady’s 
garden at Sitka, Alaska: 

Rutabaga Turnip (weight 31 lbs.). 

Turnips. 

Potatoes. 

Horseradish. 

Beet. 

Loaned by Roll Bros., Hope City, 
Alaska: 

Cultivated Red Currants. 

Loaned by A. R. McIntosh, 
Haines, Alaska: 

Marsh Huckleberry. 


varieties grown: 

Barley, Mansuary, Hope. 

Barley, Royal, Copper Valley. 

Barley, Trooper, six-rowed, Copper 
Valley. 

Barley, Beartown, Kenai. 

Rye, Giant French Winter, Sitka. 
Wheat, spring wheat, Ronanow, Afog- 
nak. 

Timothy Hay. 

Tundra Moss. 

Moss Berry Bushes. 

Plemp. 

AND FRUITS. 

Preserved Fruits, loaned by the 
Women's Auxiliary, of Sitka : 

Yakutat Strawberries (wild). 

Red Raspberries. 

Black Currants. 

Huckleberries. 

Salmon Berries. 

Strawberries (cultivated). 

Wild Cranberries. 

Preserved Wild Fruits, loaned by 
the Women’s Auxiliary, of Ju¬ 
neau : 

Apple Jelly. 

Cranberry Jelly. 

Gooseberry Jelly. 

Wild Crab Apple Jelly. 

Blue Huckleberry. 

Loaned by Mrs. L. L. Bowers, Ko¬ 
diak, Island: 

Alaska Cranberry (Moss Berry Vac- 
cinicum vitas-idasa). 

Loaned by C. P. Coe, Wood 
Island: 

Aleut Wild Crab Apple Jelly. 


56 


Exhibition of the District of Alaska 


Loaned by Mrs. L. L. Bowers, 
Kodiak Island: 

Alaska Cranberries. 

Loaned by Roll Bros., Hope City: 

Alaska Thimble Berry (wild). 

Loaned by Mrs. Wagonner, Kla- 
wock: 

Wild Red Currants (Ribres Rubrum). 

Loaned by Kenai Experiment Sta¬ 
tion : 

Salmon Berry (Rubus Spectables). 

Loaned by C. P. Coe, Wood 
Island: 

High Bush Cranberries (Viturnam 
Panciflorum). 


Loaned by Mrs. L. L. Bowers, 
Kodiak Island: 

Wild Molenia Berry Wine. 

Loaned by Mrs. C. A. Bratton, 
Valdez, Alaska: 

Lagoon Berries. 

Loaned by Wm. Cook, Wrangel, 
Alaska: 

Red Raspberries. 

Black Currants. 

Gooseberries. 

Strawberries. 

Blueberries. 

Red Salmon Berries. 

Yellow Salmon Berries. 

Rhubarb. 

Loaned by Mrs. J. L. Steele, Val¬ 
dez, Alaska: 

Salmon Berries. 


PRESSED WILD FLOWERS. 


Loaned by the Women's Auxil¬ 
iary, of Sitka: 

Anemone Narcissiflora. 

Gentiana sp. \ 

Fragaria sp. 

Streptopus amplexifolius. 

Rubus parviflorus. 

Helianthus sp. 

Cassiope stelleriana. 

Fritillaria kantsahatcensis. 

Lathyrus maritimus. 

Apargidium boreale. 

Lupinus unslachenis. 

Aruncus aruncus. 

Phyllodice aleutica. 

Potentilla ancerina. 

Campanula lansdorfiana. 

Aconitum delphinifolium. 

Geum cattlefolium. 

Viola glabella. 

Ledum latifolium. 

Dodecatheon frigidum. 

Eriogyna pectinata. 

Caltha leptosepala. 

Geranium erauthnm. 

Tellima grandiflora. 

Mimulus langsdorfi. 

Saxifraga oppositiflora. 

Cladonia. 

Primula. 

Tiarella trifoliata. 

Moneses uniflora. 

Aster peregrina. 

Oxycoccus oxycoccus. 

Rubus chamaememorus. 

Loiseburia procumbens. 

Alnus glutinosa. 

Acpiilegia canadensis. 


Trifolium repens. 

Montea Sibericun. 

Ranunculus coolegii. 

Rubus spectabilis. 

Romanzoffia sitchensis. 

Ribes, bractiosum. 

Ribes parsiflorum. 

Forty Varieties of Pressed Wild 
Flowers of Alaska, nicely 
mounted on cardboard, sent by 
Women’s Auxiliary, of Juneau: 

Snap Dragon. 

Wild Rose. 

Trientalia arctica. 

Vaccinium uliginosum. 

Castilleia parviflora. 

Andromeda polifolia. 

Tofieldia. 

Viola palustris. 

Roschinachia glabra. 

Kalmia glauca. 

Linniorchis Linniorchis. 

Copia asplenifolium. 

Menyanthes crista-galli. 

Saxifraga noltena. 

Pinguicula vulgaris. 

Corn us canadensis. 

Soldiago. 

Cochlearia. 

Coptis trifolia. 

Ranunculus nelsonia. 

Columbine. 

Cowslip. 

Buttercups. 

Solomon’s Seal. 

Rice Flour. 

Marsh Marigold. 



At the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition 57 

One Framed Picture of Real Wild 
Flowers, pressed by Mrs. F. J. 
Mielke, Nome, Alaska. 

Wild Flowers of Alaska, pressed 
by Lucilla Cameron and Ledlie 
Smith, Eagle, Alaska; nicely 
displayed in a birch bark cov¬ 
ered album. 

Wild Flowers from Rampart, 
Alaska, collected by Getrude 
Spiers Rader, latitude 65 deg. 
30 min.; longitude, 150 deg. 15 
min. This collection contains 
seventy-six specimens, which 
are probably not more than one- 
third of the varieties found in 
the North Yukon Valley. 
Eighteen different varieties of 
Flowering Plants in full bloom 
have been found, at one time, in 
a space not one hundred feet 
square. A few specimens of 
this collection were found north 
of the Arctic circle. The oth¬ 
ers were collected within one 
degree of the circle. • 

ETHNOLOGY. 

Twenty Totem Poles and Two Native Houses and One War 
Canoe Located About the Alaska Building. 

The totem poles in the Alaska Exhibit come from different places 
on Prince of Wales island and from two different tribes. At an old 
village called Tuxekan four were obtained. These represent the totem 
or heraldic sign of each family, and the back part of the totem was ex¬ 
cavated to receive the charred bones of friends and ancestors of the 
man who raised it. The Thlingits were in the habit of burning their 
dead, but carefully preserved all the charred embers from the funeral 
pile. These totem poles were always erected on great occasions, and 
the bones were usually carefully wrapped in a new blanket and incased 
in the back part of the totem. One of the totems, when taken down, 
had the remains of a child in the butt end of the pole, which was in the 
ground. Four feet of it was sawed off and put back in the hole. A 
Thlingit at Klawack named “Chief Tom,” presented one of the poles 
elaboratelv carved. It had contained remains also. One of these 
Thlingit poles was given by Yennate, who is now a very old man. He 
said he made it in honor of his mother. This is the one with the big 
raven, the head downward. His mother belonged to the Raven Clan. 
Under this a bear, (the brown bear is the totem of the Kokwonton 
tribe). The woman’s husband could be of the Kokwonton tribe, and 
doubtless was. Lhiderneath this bear is an Indian with a canoe. This 


Wild Geranium. 

Anemone. 

Larkspur. 

Sweet Pea. 

Wild Dandelion. 

Blue Bell. 

N. W. T. from Dawson: 

Cowslip. 

Columbine. 

Buttercup. 

Anemone. 

Wild Rose. 

Wild Geranium. 

Yellow Violets. 

Wild Forget-Me-Nots. 
Thimble Berry. 

Wild Celery. 

Rice Flower. 

Fire Flowers. 

Solomon’s Seal. 

Wild Heliotrope. 

Sand Flower. 

Wild Pea. 

Cyclamen. 

Double Buttercups. 

Monks Hood. 

Garden Heliotrope. 

Maiden Hair Fern. 

Bunch Berry. 



Totem Poles and War Canoe. 








At the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition 59 


represents the brother of the woman, Yennate’s uncle, who was a very 
noted Indian doctor or sorcerer in years gone by. The two faces of 
masks underneath the doctor represent two slaves owned by the doctor. 

The large poles are from the Hydah villages; three were obtained 
from an old village called Sukkwan, one from Klinkwan, two from 
Onhonklis, south of Howkan, and three were obtained from a place 
on the southeast side of Prince of Wales, called Kasaan. These 
Hydah carvings are really folk lore stories carved in wood. The 
Hydahs did not burn their dead, but buried them, usually in the butt 
of a great cedar tree raised on end; but sometimes the remains were 
buried at the base of a totem pole. In fact, when some of these poles 
were obtained, the remains of two or three persons were found and re¬ 
interred. All these poles, together with two native houses and a large 
war canoe, and the carvings on the inner posts of the houses, were 
gratuitously donated by the natives. By the aid of the officers and 
crew of the revenue cutter “Rush," they were dug out and lowered, 
and transported to places where they could be shipped on regular 
steamship lines to Seattle. The steamship companies very kindly 
aided the Alaska Exhibit Commission in transporting all exhibits from 
Alaska free of cost to Seattle. This is the first time that such an ex¬ 
hibition of these curious and interesting works of our Northern tribes 
has been shown to any considerable mass of people. 


FISH. 

Norwegian Herring from Golovin Bay Mission, near Cape Nome. 

RAW FURS, HIDES, WALRUS TUSKS, ETC. 


List of Alaska Furs, Etc., Exhib¬ 
ited by C. T. Wernecke, Seattle, 
Washington: 

4 Brown Bear Skins. 

6 Black Bear Skins. 

3 Moose Hides. 

2 Wolverine Skins. 

1 Fisher Skin. 

3 Mink Skins. 

6 Beaver Skins. 

3 White Fox Skins. 


Belonging to Department of the 
Interior: 

1 Lynx Skin. 

1 Wolverine Skin. 

5 Red Fox Skins. 

6 Cross Fox Skins. 

1 Black Fox Skin. 

3 Silver Grey Fox Skins. 

6 Bear Skulls. 

4 Pair Walrus Tusks. 


MOUNTED HEADS. 


Loaned by H. H. Hildreth, Se¬ 
ward, Alaska: 

1 Moose Head. 

Loaned by Mr. Swan, Juneau, 
Alaska: 

2 Moose Heads. 

MOUNTED 

Collected for the Department of 
the Interior: 

2 Kodiak Brown Bear Cubs. 

1 Alaska Spider Crab. 


Collected for the Department of 
the Interior: 

2 Moose Heads. 

7 Mountain Sheep Heads. 

2 Caribou Heads. 

ANIMALS. 

1 Sea Otter Pup. 

1 Black Bear. 

1 Sitka Deer. 

1 Mink. 

I Female Moose. 



Black Bear, Cinnamon Bears, and Deer 






















61 


At the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition 


FANCY NEEDLEWORK. 


Loaned by Mrs. Alvah Eames, 
Valdez, Alaska: 

2 Bead Chains. 

Loaned by Mrs. J. L. Steele, Val¬ 
dez, Alaska: 

2 Embroidery Pieces. 

Loaned by Miss Dean, Valdez, 
Alaska: 

2 Daisy Bead Chains. 


Loaned by Mrs. E. G. Ames, Val¬ 
dez, Alaska: 

3 Embroidered Sofa Pillows. 

1 Pin Cushion. 

Loaned by Mrs. Wm. R. Mills, 
Sitka, Alaska: 

1 Lace Cover. 

2 Lace Collars. 

1 Embroidered Piece. 


OLD RUSSIAN RELICS. 


Loaned by Captain W. F. Kilgore: 

Old Russian Gun and Carriage, found 
in Alaska at time of purchase by 
the United States. 

Loaned by George Kastrometin- 
off, Sitka, Alaska: 

Part of Armor worn by Baranoff, the 
first Russian Governor of Alaska. 


Loaned by Camp Nome, No. 9, 

Arctic Brotherhood: 

Russian Bell, from Old Russian Mis¬ 
sion. 

Russian Dagger, found in interior. 

Russian Officer’s sword, found on 
Sledge Island. 


BASKETRY. 


Loaned by Mrs. C. R. Johnson, 
Nome, Alaska: 

2 Attu Baskets. 

5 Yakutat Baskets. 

1 Port Clarence Basket. 

1 Stikeen Basket. 

1 Yakutat Bottle. 

1 Yakutat Dish. 

5 Birch Baskets. 


Loaned by Mrs. J. B. Marvin, 
Portland, Or.: 

22 Yakutat Baskets. 

Loaned by Mrs. A. C. Goss, Ko¬ 
diak, Alaska: 

3 Atka Covered Baskets. 

1 Atka Cigar Case. 

4 Attu Baskets. 

1 Yakutat Basket. 


CURIOS. 


Part of J. S. Romig Collection, 
sent from the Department of 
the Interior: 

Fur Coat of the Elowatok Family. 

Fur Cap, extra fine. 

Pair Men's Fancy Boots. 

Pair Mittens and 1 Chew Box. 

Native Violin. 

2 Kachima Axes. 

Model Kachima and Dolls. 

Fire Machine. 

Set Squirrel Snares. 

Bundle Willow Bark Net Twine. 

Fish Hook and Line. 

Pair Native Goggles. 

Small Stone Adz. 

Small Stone Fish Knife. 

Ivory Pipe. 

Water Bottle. 

Drinking Cup. 

Story Knife. 

Oil Lamps. 

Old Stone Pot. 


Pair Grass Socks and Grass Mats. 

Wolf Head Ammunition Bag, Reload¬ 
ing Tool and Bullet Mould. 

2 Ladles or Wooden Spoons. 

2 Skin Scrapers. 

A very large and interesting col¬ 
lection of Indian Curios, 
loaned by Hon. John G. Brady, 
Governor of Alaska, numbering 
1,360, consisting of 

Masks, Carved Totem Poles, Spoons, 
Swords, Etc. 

Fur Coat, Shoes, Gloves. 

Boats, Bows and Arrows, Shields. 

Carved Pieces. 

Bo cbpf c 

Bead Work—Belt, Bags, Etc. 

Medicine Charm. 

Loaned by J. R. Heckman & Co., 
owners: 

1 Wooden Bowl. 

1 Carved Spoon. 


62 


Exhibition of the District of Alaska 


Exhibit of W. S. Flanagan, from 
forks of Buckland river, Alaska : 

2 Ivory Knitting Needles. 

Ivory Fire-Making Drill. 

Ivory Tom Cod Hook. 

Bone Pike Hook. 

Ivory Fish Knife. 

Ivory Paper Cutter. 

Ivory Man. 

Ivory Sleds. 

Bone Image. 

Bone Comb. 

Bone Spear Point. 

Bone Salmon Spear. 

Bone Malamute Head. 

Bone Gauge. 

2 Ivory Buttons. 

2 Ivory White Whales. 

Ivory Seal. 

Ivory Hunter. 

Dog and Seals. 

Snuff Box (wood). 

Ivory Chain. 

Mr. D. W. Fales’ Private Collec¬ 
tion, J uneau: 

Indian Hat, Whale Killer. 

4 Paddles, burnt wood. Southeast 
Alaska. 

Stone Totem Pole. 

2 Halibut Fish Hooks (wood). 

5 Wooden Spoons. 

Cap and Ball Pistol. 

Loaned by Camp Nome, No. 9, 
Arctic Brotherhood, Nome, 
Alaska: 

Native Curios from Seward Peninsula. 
Lamp. 

Skin Cleaning Tool. 

Death Mask. 

Fur Knife. 

Russian Bell, from Old Russian Mis¬ 
sion. 

Net Making Implement. 

3 Flints. 

Piece Jade. 

3 Tools. 

1 Toy. 

Spear Head.. 

Spear Holder. 

Polar Bear Tooth Ornament. 

2 Seal Spear Heads. 

Labret. 

2 Net Making Implements. 

Spear Head. 

Trinket Box. 

Labret. 

Ornament. 

Polisher. 

Bullet Mould. 

Ornament. 


Labret. 

Ornament. 

2 Pieces Jade. 

Needle for Nets. 

2 Labrets. 

Net Making Tool. 

Ornament. 

Scraping Knife. 

Spear Head. 

Buttons. 

Floats for fishing. 

Sinkers. 

Spear Point Holder. 

Spear Heads. 

Shuttle. 

Net Making Implement. 

Native Letter. 

Snuff Box. 

Mouth Piece. 

Necklace. 

Spear Head. 

Trinket Box. 

Scraping Tool. 

Pick. 

Knife. 

Drilling Tool. 

Breast Drill. 

Snow Glasses. 

Braining Club. 

Mallet. 

Adz. 

Drill Bow. 

Spear Head. 

Throwing Sticks. 

Fishing Outfit. 

Native Pipes. 

Native Belt. 

Plead Dress. 

Scraping Tools. 

Russian Dagger, found in interior. 
Russian Officer’s Sword, Sledge Island. 
Native Ice Scoop. 

Snow Shoe Walking Stick. 

F ; sh Net. 


Loaned by F. L. Henshaw, Nome, 
Alaska: 


17 

11 

2 

1 

1 

40 

1 

2 

1 

12 

1 

1 

1 

o 

.V 

8 

6 


Ivory Napkin Rings. 
Ivory Hearts. 

Ivory Marbles. 

Ivory Razor. 

Pair Snowshoes. 

Ivory Buttons. 

Ivory Cigarette Holder. 
Ivory Tooth Pick Cases. 
Ivory Cigar Holder. 
Ivory Charms. 

Ivory Safety Pin. 

Ivory Watch and Chain. 
Ivory Knife and Chain. 
Ivory Jack Knives. 

Ivory Tooth Picks. 

Ivory Fishes. 



At the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition 


63 


1 Ivory Jack Knife. 

1 Walrus Whisker Chain. 

1 Ivory Thimble. 

1 Ivory Snuff Box. 

5 Ivory Rings. 

1 Ivory Doll. 

4 Ivory Emblem Buttons. 

3 Mastodon Watch Charms. 

7 Ivory Animals. 

1 Ivory Ice Pick. 

1 Ivory Spear Head. 

3 Ivory Sinkers. 

1 Walrus Tooth. 

9 Walrus Old Pieces. 

1 Walrus Ice Pick. 

1 Walrus Combination Knife & Fork. 
9 Walrus Spear Heads. 

2 Walrus Preces (old). 

3 Walrus Mallets. 

1 Pair Small Mukluks. 

2 Ivory Small Masks. 

1 Ivory Handle. 

1 Ivory Cartridge Reloader. 

2 Ivory Needle Cases. 

4 Ivory Bydarkees. 

1 Ivory Match Holder. 

1 Ivory Double Seal Button. 

1 Ivory Spear Head. 

1 Ivory Large Needle. 

6 Ivory Saws 

4 Ivory Picks and Shovels. 

1 Ivory Pick. 

1 Ivory Scissors. 

1 Ivory Whale. 

1 Mastodon Ivory Cribbage Board. 

1 Whalebone Cup. 

1 Bead Earring and Necklace. 

1 Ivory Desk and Table. 

1 Ivory Gavel. 

3 Ivory Small Cribbage Boards. 

9 Ivory Sets of Markers for Cribbage 
Boards. 

4 Ivory Axes. 

1 Ivory Pipe. 

1 Ivory Cup. 

3 Ivory Pipes. 

1 Eskimo Pipe. 

2 Ivory Axes. 

2 Small Parkies. 

] Ivory Seine Needle. 

1 Ivory Sled. 

4 Ivory Corks. 

2 Large Masks. 

2 Tom Cod Hooks. 

1 Ivory Harpoon. 

1 Ivory Penholder. 

1 Ivory Graining Knife. 

1 Ivory Gavel. 

1 Ivory Boat. 

1 Ivory Tusk. 

2 Ivory Cups. 

1 Ivory Paper Weight. 

1 Ivory Tomahawk. 


1 Ivory Fish Net Spool. 

1 Ivory Carved Piece. 

1 Ivory Knife. 

1 Ivory Harpoon. 

1 Tom Cod Fish Line. 

1 Drilling Machine. 

3 Small Parkies. 

5 Tobacco Pouches. 

1 Bone Steeple and Chisel. 

1 Bow and Arrows. 

1 Fur Mat. 

1 Bone Cabin. 

4 Pieces Mastodon Ivory. 

1 Ptarmigan Spear, 
f Ivory Sled. 

2 Ivory Bucksaws. 

1 Ivory Meat Saw. 

2 Ivory Eskimo Hat Pins. 

18 Ivory Knives. 

1 Ivory Match and Ash Tray. 

17 Ivory Cribbage Boards. 

1 Mastodon Ivory Cribbage Board. 

1 Ivory Bumblebee. 

1 Ivory Reindeer and Sled. 

1 Bone Reindeer. 

1 Mastodon Tooth. 

Loaned by H. T. Harding, Nome, 
Alaska: 

1 Mastodon Jaw Bone. 

1 Native Basket. 

1 Native Parkie. 

1 Native Foot Ball. 

1 Small Kiak. 

1 Fur Pouch. 

2 Omiak and Implements. 

1 Pair Seal Skin Mukluks. 

1 Pair Reindeer Skin Mukluks. 

1 Pair Snow Glasses. 

1 Whetstone. 

1 Spear Point. 

1 Cork. 

1 Lead. 

1 Stove. 

1 Lamp. 

2 Pieces Crockery. 

2 Bird Slings. 

3 Harpoons. 

1 Walrus Tusk. 

Sinkers for Fish Net. 

1 Wooden Utensil. 

2 Paper Cutters. 

1 Hatchet. 

Native Snares. 

1 Stone Mouth Ornament. 

4 Jade Axes. 

1 Slate Axe and Handle. 

1 Ivory Axe. 

1 Ivory Pipe, Siberia. 

3 Wooden Pipes. 

1 Tom Cod Pole and Whalebone Line. 

2 Bone Handle Knives. 

2 Bone Spear joints. 


64 


Exhibition of the District of Alaska 


2 Ivory Spear Points. 

3 Spear Point Heads. 

1 Ivory Net Hook. 

1 Snuff Box. 

1 Skin Hair Shave. 

1 Grass Comb. 

2 Stone Skin Knives. 

1 Native Top. 

1 Ear Ornament. 

1 Straw Mat. 

1 Straw Cup. 

4 Ivory Tusks. 

28 Ivory Curios. 

1 Native Flint and Steel. 

1 Cribbage Board. 

Loaned by O. E. Wheeler, Nome, 
Alaska: 

1 Auroch Horn. 

Loaned by N. H. Chance, Tacoma, 
Wash.: 

1 Tooth of Mammoth. 

Loaned by E. Engelstad, Port¬ 
land, Or.: 

1 Green Jade Adz. 

2 Carved Ivory Spear Heads. 

2 Jade Knives. 

4 Jade Ornaments. 

3 Pieces Jade. 

Loaned by O. Siedenberg, Nome, 
Alaska: 

1 Lot Whalebone. 


Loaned by J. E. Stanley, Seattle, 
Wash.: 

1 Shoulder Blade of Whale. 

Loaned by A. E. Boyd, Nome, 
Alaska: 

1 Indian Mask. 

1 Eskimo Meeting House. 

2 Eskimo Spears. 

Loaned by Mrs. C. S. Johnson, 
Nome, Alaska. 

Attu Mat. 

2 Pokes. 

Bead Bag. Yukon River. 

Eskimo Bag. 

Horn Spoon. 

Ivory Cross, Native work. 

2 Horn Spoons. 

Belt Buckle. 

4 Wooden Dishes. 

Mail Sled. 

Dog Sled. 

2 Canoes. 

2 Pair Snow Shoes. 

Reindeer Boots. 

4 Pair Small Mukluks. 

Dress of Laplanders. 

Ivory Buttons. 

Bracelet and Earrings. 

Horn Bowl. 

Needle Case. 

Napkin Ring. 

Skin Knife. 

Eagle Robe. 


MISCELLANEOUS EXHIBITS. 


Loaned by St. Elias Hotel, and 
Debney & Poot, Valdez, Alaska: 

3 Samples of U. S. Cable in use be¬ 
tween Valdez and Seattle. 

Loaned by Dr. L. S. Camicia, Val¬ 
dez, Alaska: 

Weather Report. 

Made and loaned by Ed C. Morse, 
Portland, Or.: 

Burnt Wood Design, “The Muse of 
Alaska.” 

Two Paddles, burnt wood. 

Loaned by Asle Seppala, Nome, 
Alaska. 

Pair Norwegian Skees. 

Sent by Governor John G. Brady, 
Sitka, Alaska: 

Copy of First Alaska Newspaper. 


Loaned by W. A. Reid, Portland, 
Or.: 

Copy of Fourth Newspaper published 
at Fort Gibbon, Alaska. 

Copy of First Newspaper published at 
Kaltag, Alaska. 

Property of Alaska Library, sent 
by Governor John G. Brady: 

Capt. James Cook’s Voyage to the Pa¬ 
cific Ocean; consisting of three vol¬ 
umes and one portfolio of pictures, 
published in 1785. 

Vancouver’s Voyage, consisting of 
three volumes and one Atlas, pub¬ 
lished in 1798. 

Meares’ Voyages, consisting of one 
volume, 1788-1789. 

Portlock’s Voyages, 1785-1786-1787- 
1788, one volume. 


At the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition 


65 


THE CHILKAT BLANKET. 

In the early days of exploration, Vancouver found the Chilkat 
chiefs wearing on ceremonial occasions this famous totemic blanket. 
It is their tribal ensignia, or ensign, and is worn only by chiefs and 
persons of high caste, and then only on ceremonial occasions. 

These blankets are woven by hand on a primitive loom, from the 
long fleece of the mountain goat. 

The Chilkat blanket is woven by an expert weaver in each of the 
Thlingit tribes, and also by the Hydahs, of Prince of Wales island. 
The art of weaving is fast dying out, and the mountain goats are 
gradually disappearing. 

The blankets are about two yards in width and one yard in depth, 
and are bordered at the ends and across the bottom with a deep fringe. 
The totemic designs woven in these blankets are their clan symbols, 
fraternal emblems and mystic belief. The eye is the symbol of hu¬ 
manity and of totemic protection. 

The colors of the blanket are white, black, yellow and blue. The 
vellow is made from the moss on the rocks and trees, the blue is made 
by boiling copper and sea-weed together, and hemlock bark gives the 
base for the black. 

The price of a blanket ranges from sixty-five to one hundred dol¬ 
lars. It takes a woman several weeks to weave a Chilkat blanket on 
her primitive loom. 

Two Chilkat natives, Mr. L. V. Shotridge and wife, from 
Haines Mission, Alaska, are giving illustrations at the Alaska Exhibit 
of the method of weaving the above-described blankets. 


MOUNTED BIRDS. 


Collected for the Department of 
the Interior, Washington, D. 
C.: 

10 Bald Eagles. 

1 Canada Goose. 

4 Mallard Ducks. 

1 Pintail Duck. 

1 American Scaup Duck. 

4 American Golden Eye Ducks. 

1 Bufflehead Duck 

2 Harlequin Ducks. 

2 Old Squam Ducks. 

2 White Winged Scooters. 

2 Surf Scooters. 


4 American Merganser. 

7 Birds not classified. 

3 Cormorants. 

5 Herring Gulls. 

2 Bonapart’s Gulls. 

1 Loon. 

1 Holbells Grebe. 

4 Magpies. 

1 Owl. 

1 Ptarmigan. 

1 Grouse. 

Loaned by Capt. W. F. Kilgore: 

6 Ducks. 

1 Eagle. 


BIRD SKINS. 


Loaned by PI. T. Harding, Nome, 
Alaska: 

1 Diver Duck. 

I Spotted Breast Goose. 

1 White Swan. 

1 Brant. 

1 Eider Duck. 

1 Empress Goose. 


1 Sprig Duck. 

1 Winter Ptarmigan. 

1 Spring Ptarmigan. 

Loaned by Harry Pidgeon, Wran- 
gfel Alaska: 

o 

1 Horned Masking Puffin. 

1 Tufted Puffin. 


Table of Contents 


PAGE. 

Act of Congress Providing for District of Alaska Exhibit .•• iii 

Officials and Assistants for the Alaska Exhibit. 5 


Foreword: The Alaska Exhibit and Alaska 

Alaska an Empire in Itself . 

Products of the Northland . 

Praises Alaska . 

Actual Work Begun on Valdez Railway. 

The Salmon Pack . 

Bristol Bay Salmon Pack. 

Brief Notes of Progress, etc. 

Alaska’s Gold—Year’s Output . 

Recent Discoveries of Tin Ores . 

Alaska, Land of Vast Natural Wealth. .. 

Recent Notes From Alaska Press. 

Geography . 

Climate . 

Population . 

Public Lands . 

Education . 

Reindeer . 

Mining . 

Coal . 

Marble . 

Petroleum . 

Fisheries and Canning . 

Furs . 

Stock Raising and Agriculture . 

Transportation . 

Forestry . 

Government . 

Cities and Towns . 

Alaska Organizations . 

Alaskan Pfless . 

Acknowledgments . 


9 

10 
11 
11 
12 
12 
12 
13 
K 
17 
21 
21 
22 
22 
99 

l« .V 
22 
23 
2-1 

25 

26 
26 
26 
27 
27 

27 

28 
29 
29 
34 

34 

35 


Classified List of Exhibits 

Treadwell Mine Exhibit 

Copper Ore . 

Native Ore . 

Nickel Ore . 

Antimony . 

Galena . 

Quartz—Tin Ore . 

Stream Tin .. 

Cassiterite . 

Pig Tin . 

Metallic Tin . 

Tourmaline . 

Garnets . 

Ruby Sand . 


37 

37 

39 

40 
40 
40 
40 
40 
40 

40 

41 
41 
41 
41 
41 




















































Table of Contents. 


11 


Jade . 

Conglomerate .. 

Gold Nuggets and Dust . 

Jewelry . 

Gold Ore . 

Impure Graphite.. . . . . . . . . . . 

Graphite Pebble . 

Slate Wall .. 

Cinnibar Ore . 

Pay Dirt . 

Pay Gravel . 

Portion of Bedrock . 

Marble . 

Talc . 

Coal . 

Peat . 

Mineral Water . 

Oils and Guano . 

Forestry . 

Paintings and Photographs . 

Transparencies . 

School Exhibits . 

Cereal and Grasses . 

Vegetables and Fruits . 

Pressed Wild Flowers ... 

Ethnology . 

Fish . 

Mounted Heads . 

Mounted Animals . 

Fancy Needlework . 

Old Russian Relics . 

Basketry . 

Curios . 

Miscellaneous Exhibits . 

The Chilkat Blanket . 

Mounted Birds and Bird Skins. 

List of Illustrations. 


PAGE. 
. 41 
41 
41 
43 
43 
45 
45 
45 
45 
45 
45 
45 
45 

45 

46 
46 
46 
46 
46 
46 

52 

53 

54 

55 

56 

57 
59 
59 
59 
61 
61 
61 
61 

64 

65 
65 


Photographs of the President, the Secretary of the Interior, the As¬ 


sistant Secretary of the Interior, and the Acting Executive 
Commissioner of the Alaska Exhibit.. 6 

View of Cedar Stairway, Transparencies, Inside Totem Poles and 

Cereals . 16 

Map of Alaska . Facing 33 

View From Entrance to First Aisle. 36 

Raw Whalebone, Treadwell Mine Exhibit, Furs, Moose Heads, Pe¬ 
troleum, Cereals, and Old Muskets . 38 

Gold and Mineral Exhibit From Nome, Including Largest Nugget 

Found in Alaska . 42 

View From Rear of Second Aisle . 44 

Marble and Grain Exhibits . 48 

Mounted Animals and Birds. 50 

Totem Poles and War Canoe . 58 

Black Bear, Cinnamon Bears and Doe . 60 

















































































































• • 










































































































F CONGRESS 



0 028 313 536 6 








